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KpyrnbiM ctoh„m?mmo 



MM 



MM* 



HHflHfl H KMTAM: flBE I^HBHJIH3A14HM 
flBE MOflEJIH PA3BHTHH 



3tou reMe 6bino naceiiwpHO 3acedanue TeopeTmecKoeo cetmnapa OTdeJia 
3kohomuku u noAUTiuiu pa3eueaiow,uxcH crpan HM3MO AH CCCP, na KOTO- 
poM c coo6w,emiHMu. ebiCTynu.AU useecrmiie coeercKUe yieHbie, corpyduuKU Hh- 
CTUryra eocroKoeedenuH AH CCCP undoAoe, d. u. h. JI. B. AJIAEB u Kurae- 
eed d. u. h. JI. C. BACHJIbEB. B o6ci/otcdeHuu nocraeAeHHtix umu eonpocoe 
nptiHRAu ijwcrue d. u. h. JI. E. 4>yPMAH (HCK AH CCCP), k. u. h. A. B. 3V- 
BOB (MB AH CCCP), d. u. h. M. A. WEUJKOB, d. 3. «. B. JI. UJEPIHHC 
(HM3M0 AH CCCP). Ben aacedanue d. u. h. B. r. XOPOC (HM3M0 AH 
CCCP). 

Hvace ny6AUKy?OTCji MarepuaAbi cocTonetueeocx o6Mena mhchuhmu ynenbix 
e ydodnoii 6ah HUTaTe/ieu cpopMe — e eu.de «npyeAoeo ctoaq». 



B, Xcpoc: Hado Moi.ee He MomeT 6biTb no- 
hhto 6e3 npoLu/ioro. 3Ta ncrnHa KameTca 
6eccnopHoM, flawe TpnBnajibHOM. Ho ee 
oneHb nacTO 3a6biBa>OT. 6 o6u;ecTBeHHbix 
HayKax coBpeweHHOCTb m mctopmh, hsk 
npaBH/io, paateflMHeHbt, HHTepecbi cneuua- 
jikctob no cooTBeTCTByhouj.KM oTpaciiflM ne- 
peceKaKJTcn pegKO. B Tex we cny^asx, Korfla 

3TO npOMCXOflMT, OKa3blBaeTCfl, MTO COCTblKO- 

BbmaTb ceroflHstuiHee h B^epatiiHee, He ana- 
flaa npH 3tom b MOflepHM3aunio MCTOpMH mjim 
He Tepas omymeHMfl HenoBTopnMocTM coBpe- 
MeHHoro, He TaK ym npocxo. 

Ho ceroflHs Mbi nonpo6yeM coeflMHMTb 

BOeflMHO ceAYlO flpeBHOCTb M COBpeMeHHOCTb, 

reM 6osiee hto b aHann3 bboahtch 3/ieMeHT 
cpaBHeHMfl, a Maiepna/i fl/ifl cpaBHeHMs Bbi6- 
paH noHCTMHe GnaroflaTHbiM. Mh,o,kh m Km-ati. 

...3tM flBe CTpaHbl COCTaBJlfltOT nOHTM nOjlMM- 

pa. 3to Mou;Hbie, flpeBHMe m p,o cmx nop 
«>KMBbie» uinBM/iM3aLiMH, floHecujMe flo cerofl- 

HflLUHerO flHfl MHCTMTyTbl M UeHHOCTH TblCRMe- 

jieTMM. 3to o6mecTBeHHwe crpyKTypw, koto- 
pbie ceroflHS noflBepratOTca HHTencHBHOMy 
npoqeccy MOflepHM3ai<MM f M3MeHeHMM, npowc- 
xoflJ)Ui,MX 6yKBa/ibHo y Hac Ha r/ia3ax. 3to, 
HaKoneui, rocyflapcrBa pa3HOpi couMa/ibHO- 
no/iMTHHecKok opueHTauiuM, oKa3biBa(omne 
BceB03pacraiou;ee BnHHHwe Ha MnpoBoe co- 
o6m,ecTBO, oco6eHHO Ha pa3BHBaK3ainecn 

CTpaHbl. 

AaBafrre nocrpoMM Hauj o6mch mhchmsmm 
cueAyioiMMM o6pa30M. C Havana HatUM ochob- 
Hbie co6eceflHMKM flaflyT o6myio xapaKTepn- 

CTMKy MHflMMCKOM M KKTaKCKOM UHBMJlH3aHMM, 

oco6eHHocTeM mx cfop^auiMOHHoro pa3BHTH«. 
Aa/iee 6yflyT paccMOTpenbi npouecc MOflep- 
HM3aL(MH b o6enx CTpanax m ero peay/ibTaTbi 
Ha ceroflHALUHMk fleHb. HaKOHeui, mu nonpo- 
6yeM oxapaKTepn30BaTb TeHfleHUiMM h nep- 

CneKTUBbl pa3BMTM!R H36paHHblX CTpaH, pO/lb 
ViHflKH M KMTafl B COBpeMeHHOM Mnpe. Mo- 
«<eT 6blTb, Bbl HaMHeTe, JleOHMfl 6opHCOBHM? 

JI. AJiaeB: He B03pajKaio. Bbi Bepno 3a- 
MeTHjiH. BjiaflHMHp TeoprHeBHH, hto Tpe- 
BoBaHHe HCTopH3Ma npn noflxofle k aHajiH- 

3y COBpeMeHHOCTH 3ByqHT nOCTOflHHO. IlpH 



H3y^ieHHH pa3BHBaiomnxcH CTpaH, oco6eH- 
ho CTpaH BocTOKa, 3to TpeSoBaHHe Hepe;4- 
ko (popMyjiHpyeTCH Kan Heo6xoflHMoCTb 
yneTa TpaflHUHH, TpaflHuHOHHhix ^aKTopoB. 
Measfly TeM fleftCTBHTejihHbift yneT 4)aKTo- 

POB H HaCJIOeHHtt ThlCHHCneTHeft HCTOPHH 

saTpyflHeH MHorHMH o6cTo«TejibCTBaMH: 
nanpHMep, flH$$epeHqHauHefi nayn, Korfla 

3K0H0MHCT, nOJIHTOJIOr, HCTOpHK — BCe 3T0 

pa3Hbie JiHi^a; ho rjiaBHbiM o6pa3oM eme 
h cnenn^H^ecKHM cnoco6oM no3naHHH hc- 

TOpHH BoCTOKa, npOHCTeKaiOmHM H3 Byjlb- 

rapHoro npHMeneHHa MapKCHCTCKoro hcto- 
pHKo-MaTepHajiHCTHHecKoro MeTofla. .ElaiKe 
ecJiH ceftqac ycraHOBHTb Tecnyio TeopeTH- 
necKyio CBH3b MeiKfly «TpeTbeMHpuaMH» 

H HCTOpHKaMH-BOCTOKOBeflaMH, TO HCTOpH- 
KH M3JI0 MTO flaflyT «COBpeMeHHHKaM». 
^eCHTHJieTHHMH npHBWKaJTH OHH nOflrOHflTb 

HCTopnio BocToKa nofl CTepeoTHnw 3anafla, 
o6pamaTb BHHivtaHHe npewfle Bcero Ha «o6- 
mee», a «cnei;H(pHKy» pacciwaTpHBaTb KaK 
HenTo BTopocTeneHHoe, He npeflCTaBJiaio- 
mee HHTepeca. B Hameiw BocToKOBefleHHH 

CJIOHJHJiaCb TpaflHUHfl 3aMeHHTb nOHHTHfl 

KoHKpeTHbie, CTpanoBbie, KaTeropHHMH po- 

flOBblMH, TeOpeTHieCKHMH, KOTOpbie B KO- 

HenHoM cnere OFa3biBajincb noH«TH«MH 
eBponettCKHMH. TeM caMHM b sHanHTeJib- 
Hofi Mepe napyuiajiacb AHajieKTHnecKaa 
B3anM0CBH3b o6mero h ocofieHHoro. 

MU Ha3bIBaJIH HeKHfi HHCTHTyT «06lUH- 

hoh», h Torfla cpa3y y Hac b rojioBe bo3- 
HHKajiH pyccKHft «mhp», repiwaHCKaH Map- 
Ka. h caMHM CJioBoynoTpeBjieHHeM mm 
t^aKTH^ecKH noflMeHjuiH peajibHbift couh- 

ajIbHblft HHflHftCKHfi HHCTHTyT TOH 06lHH- 

Hofi, KoTopan naiw pacoBajiacb no flpyrHM 
MaTepnajiaM, b flpyrnx KOHTeKCTax. KaK 
TOJibKO mu ynoMHHajiH KacTy, mm aojhkhh 
6biJiH cpa3y Me onpeflejiHTb ee nan «pa3- 

HOBHfiHOCTb I<exa» HJIH «pa3H0BHflH0CTb 
COCJIOBHH*. ECJIH Mb! XOTeJIH CKa3aTb, HTO 

cymeCTBOBajia HajioroBaH 3KcnjiyaTauHH, 
to Mbi BbipaJKa-nncb «peHTa-Hajiors>. Ho 
3a «peHToft» ctoht ueJibie njiaCTH Teope- 
THqecKoro MaTepnajia, KOTopbift npH TanoM 



5. «M3 H M0» J* 4. 



65 



cjioBoynorpeGjieHHH BKJiHHHBajicn b pa3- 
MbiuijieHHH, iwaTepnaJia, He HMeromero ot- 
HomeHHH k Toiwy, o neiw b aaHHOM CJiynae 
injia penb. 

Kohchho, Se3 cjiob JiHTepaiypHOro pyc- 
CKoro H3MKa, KOTopwfi Tenepb oGorameH 

HHOCTpaHHHMH CJIOBaMH, npHUiefllHHMH 

rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M c 3anafla, HeJib3n o6oh- 
THCb npn jhoGoh JiHTepaTypHofi paGore. 
IlpocTO Haflo BHflerb onacHocTb nepeBOfla 
BOCTOHHblX peajiHfl Ha o6menoHHTHbifl 
h3hk. /JaJieKO He Bceraa cjienyei CHHTaTb 
raKoe nepeHa3BaHHe flocTHHteHHeiw. 

R ocoSeHHo cTpaaaji ot mnpoKoro yno- 
TpeSJieHHH tskhx TepiwHHOB, KaK «(peoflaji» 

H «KpeCTbHHHH». BlWeCTO TOrO, HTOGbl I1H- 

caTb THMapHOT, 3aHiw, flSKarHp^ap, 3aiwHH- 
flap, 3aiweHHJiH Bee bth cJioBa Ha TepiviHH 
«cfaeoflaji», a hotom ynte ynoTpeGJiHJin 
TOJibKO ero, h KaK 6w caiwo coGofi bo3hh- 
KaJio oGmecTBo, HfleHTHHHoe eBponeflcKO- 
Aiy. To Hte caMoe nponcxoflHJio c «Kpe- 
CTbHHCTBOM». A 3to eme Gojiee npncKopG- 
ho, noTOiwy hto, no MoeMy MHeHwo, bo 

MHOrHX CTpaHaX BOCTOKa KpeCTbHHCTBa B 

HameM hjih oGmepacnpocTpaHeHHoiw hohh- 
MaHHH HHKorfla He Gmjio h Her. Oho pa3- 

6HTO Ha pa3JIHHHbie CJIOH, KOTOpbie flOJIJK- 

hh GbiTb no-HHOMy onpeaeJieHbi. Kor^a 
yrne xoreJin oKOHHaTejibHo «Bce noHHTb», 

HaHHHaJlH npHMeHHTb TaKHC BbipaHteHHH, 

KaK «noMemHK» h «MyHtHK». Hanpniwep, 

nHCaJIH «HHflHHCKHH MyHtHK». IIOflOGHOe 

cjioBoynoTpeGJieHHe 3aKJiroHajio b ceGe ca- 
Moo6iwaH h BJieKJio ouiHGoHHbie nojiHTHie- 

CKHe BblBOflbl. 

TeopHH cpopiwauHH npHiweHHjiacb k Bo- 
cTOKy TOJKe naK Gbi nyTeiw nepeBOfla 
c H3biKa Ha H3biK, nepeHa3BaHHH, KOTopoe 
o3Haiajio nepeHoc eBponeflcKHx peannfi Ha 
Boctok. HeflocTaTKH TaKoro npHMeHeHHH 

TeOpHH (pOpMaUHH K BoCTOKy 3aKCTK>HaiOT- 

ch He b tom, hto GyflTO 6w nopoHHa caMa 
HfleH nepexofla c 3Tana Ha 3Tan, h He b 

TOM, HTO HeB03MOffiHO COHOCTaBJieHHe 3Ta- 

hob, nepe3 KOTopbie npoimiH Boctok h Sa- 
naa. Ha ypoBHe 3flpaBoro cMbicjia hcho, 
hto no cTeneHH pa3BHTHH Boctok h 3anafl 
b onpeaejieHHbie nepnoflbi Ghjih 6jih3kh, 
TaK hto npoGjieMa conocTaBJieHHH BTanoB 

HX pa3BHTHH HayHHO BnOJIHe COCTOHTeJlbHa. 

HeflocTaTKH npHMeHeHHH TeopHH (popMa- 
nHfi 3aKJiiOTaioTCH b flpyroM. TeopeTHHe- 
ckh cbipofl eBponeficKHfl MaTepnaji npHHH- 
MaercH 3a BTajioH, h 3aTeM btot BTajioH 
juoGhmh cnocoGaMH BbincKHBaercH b CTpa- 
Hax BocTOKa, HHoraa «c oco6eHHOCTHMH», 
a HHorfla h 6e3 TaKOBbix. HanpHMep, hto- 
5h HafiTH paGoBJianeHHe Ha flpeBHeiw Bo- 
CTOKe, GepyT 3aBefloMo Maji03HaHamHH hh- 
CTHTyT, oBtjUbjihiot ero «(pOpMaUHOHHOoG- 
pa3yromHM», a Bee to, hto fleftCTBHTeJibHo 

BaffiHO, HO He HyJKHO flJIfl KOHU.enUHH, OT- 

GpacbiBaeTcfl. TaK, ajih KOHi;enLiHH paGo- 
BJiaflejibiecKoro ctpoh b Hhahh He HyjKHbi 
6biJiH hh HaJioroBaa BKcnjiyaTauHH, hh 

CeJlbCKaH oGmHHa, HH KaCTOBblfi CTpoft, H 

b onncaHHHx flpeBHero oGmecTBa ohh ot- 
TecHHJiHCb Ha 3aflHHfl njiaH. no TeM Hte 

npHHHHaM HeyflOBJieTBOpHTeJieH npHHflTblfi 

cnocoG pacnpocTpaHeHHH KOHu.enu.HH c^eo- 
flanH3Ma Ha BocTOHHoe cpeflHeBeKOBbe: 



3tot MeTOfl 3aKJiioHaeTCH b noHCKax (peofla- 

Jia H KpeCTbHHHHa H B OT6paCbIBaHHH Bce- 
TO TOTO, HTO CHHTaJlOCb BTOpOCTeneHHbIM — 

Tofl 3«e KacTbi h Tofi we o6m.HHbi. IlpaBfla, 
noHHTHe Hajiora b KOHqenuHK) «BOCTOHHoro 
(peoflajiH3Ma» bxoaht, cTaHOBHCb «peHTofl- 
HaJioroM». 

TaK Hte HeyflOBJieTBopHTejibHa, no Moe- 
My y6eHtfleHHio, h KOHitenitHH «a3naTCKo- 
ro» cnoco6a npoH3BOflCTBa. J\nn nee Tonce 
He HyjKHo HHHero Toro, hto He bxoaht b 
npocToe OTHoiueHHe «rocyaapcTBO — Tpy- 
HteHHK», Gyflb to HHflHHCKafl KacTa HJIH 
peaJibHas HHflHHCKaii o6m,HHa c ee BHyT- 

peHHHMH C0U.HajlbH0-3K0H0MHHeCKHMH npO- 

THBopeHHHMH. (Hcnojib3yeMoe «a3naTHH- 

KaMH» nOHHTHe oGmHHbl — HHCTO yM03pH- 
TeJlbHOe, HTO-TO BpOfle «KOJlJieKTHBHOrO 

3KcnjiyaTHpyeMoro». TaKofi o6ii;HHbi b Hh- 
Uhh, HanpHMep, He 6biJio.) 

HaflO yHHTbIB3Tb, HTO (pOpMaqHOHHafl 

TeopHH nepBOHanaJibHO pa3pa6aTbiBajiacb 
Ha 3anaflHoeBponeftCKOM MaTepnajie h bo 
MHoroiw HeceT nenaTb CBoero npoHcxoHtfle- 

HHH — B HaHMeHOBaHHHX OCHOBHblX BTaHOB 
pa3BHTHH, npeflCTaBJieHHHX 06 oSjiHKe 06- 

mecTBa Ha sthx STanax. B flajibHefimeM 
oHa CbiJia pacnpocrpaHeHa Ha Becb MHp 
6e3 flocTaTOHHofi TeopeTHHecKOft paGoTbi no 
ee npHcnoco6JieHHK> k (pyHKUHAM TeopHH 
BceMHpHo-HCTopHHecKoro npouecca. 06pa- 

30BaJICH 3HaHHTeJIbHblfl pa3pbIB Memfly 

TeopHefi tpopMai^HH, npeTeH^yiomeH Ha 
BceoSmHOCTb, h 3aK0H0MepH0CTHMH, pa6o- 

TaiOmHMH Ha SOJiee HH3KHX, KOHKpeTHO- 
HCTOpHHeCKHX ypOBHHX. H BblCTynaK) TOJib- 
KO npOTHB HrHopHpOBaHHH 3T0TO pa3pbIBa, 

npoTHB npHMeHeHHH b KanecTBe nccjieflo- 
BaTeJibCKHx opyflHfi Tex rojibix cxeM, koto- 
pwe oSpa30BajiHCb nyTeM flOJiroii oSKaTKH 
MapKCHCTCKHx noJioHteHHH b nonyjiapH3a- 

TOpCKOH, flOrMaTHHeCKH OpHeHTHpOBaHHOH 

jiHTepaType, 3a coBepmeHCTBOBaHHe Teo- 
pHH: pa3pa6oTKy THnojiorHH 3TanoB h ce- 

pHH BTanOB, TO eCTb nyTefl pa3BHTHH. 

JlHiiib Torfla (popMauHOHHan TeopHH — h 

HMeHHO OHa — CTaHeT npOHHOH OCHOBOfl 
flJlH nOHHMaHHH BCeMHpHOH HCTOpHH. 

A noKa hto, ecJin noJiHTOJior hjih bkoho- 
mhct 3axoneT «ynecTb» HCTopHnecKyio 

TpaflHUHK) B CBOHX HCCJieflOBaHHHX coBpe- 
MeHHOCTH, TO HM SyfleT nOflaHO flOBOJIbHO 

npecHoe Qjuoflo: flaHHan CTpaHa npomjia 
9Tanw paSoBJiafleHHH, (peoflaJiH3Ma h sian 
KOJiOHHajibHoro hjih nojiyKOJioHHajibHoro 
orpafijieHHH, Kor^a b Hefl HanajiH pa3BH- 

BaTbCH KanHTajIHCTHHeCKHe OTHOHieHHH. 

IToBTOMy paGoTbi Jl. C. BacnjibeBa h moh, 
TaK Hte KaK h HauiH HbmeuiHHe BbicTynjie- 
hhh, HanpaBJieHbi Ha to, hto6h 6oJiee 
npocTpaHHo (MOHteT GbiTb, flaHte — b no- 
jieMHHecKHx B;ejiHX — pejibe^Hee) cBH3aTb 
ceroflHHiiiHHe peajibHocxH H3ynaeMbix HaMH 

CTpaH C H,HBHJIH3ail,HOHHblMH OCoSeHHOCTH- 

MH 3THX CTpaH Ha npOTHHteHHH HX HCTO- 
pHH. 

JI. BacHJibeB: MnHyTKy, JleoHHfl Bopn- 
cobhh. Pa3 yHt Bbi 3aTpoHyjiH (popMaqH- 
OHHbie npoGjieMbi, to npenwe neM nepexo- 

flHTb K XapaKTepHCTHKe HHflHHCKOft H KH- 
TaflCKOH UHBHJlH3aU,HH, H TOHte XOHy Bbl- 

cKa3aTb cBoe MHeHHe npHpo^e h hcto- 



66 



pHieCKoft 3BOJHOUHH BOCTOIHblX o6meCTB. 

B oqeHKe Tpafln«HoHHoro BocTOKa y Hac 
c BaMH Heiwajio o6m.ero. 06a mh paBHo 
npHflaeiw oneHb Qojibiuoe 3HaieHHe u,hbhjih- 
3ai^H0HH0My (pyHflaiweHTy BocTOKa — 6yflh 

TO HHflHH, KHTaft, MHp HCJiaMa HJIH AcppH- 

na. 06a Becbiwa oTpHqaxeJibHo othochmch 
k nonbiTKaM qyra jih He chjioh BTHCHyrb 
BoCTo^Hwe ofimeCTBa b Te me <popMan.HH, 
ito 6biJiH BbWJieHeHH Ha MaiepHajie eBpo- 
neficKOH HCTopHH. OflHaKo ecTb y Hac h 
pacxoJKfleHHH, npH^eM cymecTBeHHbie. Ec- 
jih fljin Bac eflBa jih He rjiaBHoe — ■ Bce- 
tskh HafiTH KaKyro-To o6m.yro flOKanHTaJiH- 
CTHqecKyw (popMan,HOHHyio ocHOBy, b pain- 
HaX KOTopoft MOJKHO 6bIJI0 6bl HenpoTHBo- 

peiHBO noiuecTHTb h EBpony, h HeeBpo- 
neiicKHe CTpaHbi ', to moh n03Hu,HH b stom 

KapflHHajlbHOH BaiKHOCTH nyHKTe COBep- 

uieHHo HHaa: eBponeficKHH h HeeBponefi- 
CKHH MHpbl — 3T0 flBa pa3Hbix nyra pa3- 

BHTHH, flBe pa3JIH1Hbie COU,Ha.JIbHO-3KOHO- 
MHHecKHe H nOJlHTHHeCKHe CTpyKTypbl. 

He BflaBaHcb b noflpo6HocTH h oTCbiJian 
HHTepecyromnxcH k ony6jiHKOBaHHbiM pa- 

60TaM (c TeM HT06bI OTBeCTH B03M03KHbie 

ynpeKH b cxeMaTH3Me h ynpomeHHH) 2 , 
H3JiojKy b Te3HcHofi (popMe JiHiiib caMoe 

OCHOBHoe. 

IlHTHijieHHaH cxeitfa <popMan,HH, pa3pa- 
6oTaHHa« Ha MaxepHaJie eBponeftcKofi hcto- 

pHH, HBHO HenpHTOflHa flJIH noHHMaHHH H 

o6i>HCHeHHH xapaKTepa boctoihhx 06*- 

IUeCTB. K. MapKC, OTieTJlHBO BHfleBIIIHH 

pa3HHi;y MeiKfly 3anaflOM h Boctokom, 
em,e CBbiuie CTa JieT roiny Ha3an nonbiraji- 

CH 06tHCHHTb CTpyKTypHyK) OCHOBy 3THX 
paSJTHHHft. KaK H3BeCTH0, OH BblflBHHyjI 

Hfleio oco6oro «a3HaTCKoro» cnoco6a npo- 

H3B0flCTBa, He3HaK0M0TO HH C pa3BHT0H 
qaCTHofi C06CTBeHH0CTbK>, HH C 0(pOpiWHB- 

uihmhch KJiaccaMH h KjiaccoBbiMH aHTaro- 

HH3MaMH. AjIbTepHaTHBOH 3T0My 3fleCb 6bl- 

jio BcecHjibHoe rocyflapcTBo bo rJiaBe c bo- 
CTo^HbiM flecnoTOM, cymecTByiomee 3a 
cieT peHTbi-HaJiora, B3HMaeMoro c con.Ha.nb- 
hhx KopnopauHii (o6m.HH), b paMKax koto- 
pwx oeteflHHeHa HepaouieHeHHan h Hepac- 
HjieHHMan Macca noflflaHHbix, npoH3BOflH- 
Tejiefi. OTHOineHHH uempy BepxaMH (anna- 

paTOM BJiaCTH) H HH3aiWH 3fleCb OCHOBaHbl 

Ha npHHUHne rocnoflcTBa h nonHHHeHHH b 
caiwofi HtecTKofi (popnie («norojioBHoe pa6- 

CTBO»). 

Onnpancb Ha flaHHbie coBpeiueHHofl Hay- 

KH, MOJKHO BO MHOrOM flOnoJIHHTb H yTOI- 

hhtb napaiweTpH ctpyKxypw, reHHajibHo 
CKOHCTpyHpOBaHHOfi MapKcoM Ha BecbMa 
CKyflHOM (paKTHiecKoM MaTepnane, koto- 
pbiiw pacnojiarajio BocTOKOBefleHHe b nep- 



1 Cm. JI. B. A ji a e b. «topMaimoHHbie iep- 
th $eoAaJiH3Ma h Boctok («HapoAH A3hh h 
A(})phkh», JVs 3, 1987). 

2 Cm. JI. C. BacHJibeB. OeHOMen BJia- 

CTH-C06cTBeHH0CTH («THnbI 06meCTBeHHbIX OT- 

HomeHHfl Ha BocToxe b cpcAHHe BeKa». M., 
1982); ero me. npofijieMH reHe3iica KHTafi- 
CKOro rocyflapcTBa. M., 1983, rji. 1; ero 
jk e. Kypc JieKUHfi no apeBHeMy BocTOKy, 
Bbin. 1 h 2. M., 1984, 1985. 



boh nojioBHHe npoiujioro BeKa. TpaflHqH- 
oHHbie HeeBponeficKHe o6u;ecTBa — KaK 
ApeBHHe, TaK h coBpeiweHHbie, oTCTajiwe h 

flOCTaTOHHO pa3BHTbie — flefiCTBHTeJIbHO 

KapflHHajibHO OTjiHHHbi ot eBponeftcKHX 
npewfle Bcero Teiw, mo hx cTpyKTypa He 
ocHOBaHa Ha BeAyiyeft pojiH qacTHoft co6- 

CTBeHHOCTH. Ee MeCTO 3aHHMaeT BJiaCTb- 
C06CTBeHH0CTb TOCyflapCTBa C TpaflHIJHOH- 

HbiM npaBOM npHiacxHbix k BJiacTH cyme- 
CTBOBaTb 3a cieT H36biTo*iHoro npoflyKTa 
KOJiJieKTHBa. H xoth b xojje npoi;ecca 
npHBaTH3ai^HH b 6ojiee pa3BHTbix HeeBpo- 
neficKHx CTpaHax noflBjiHjiacb qacTHan co6- 

CTBeHHOCTb, B03HHKaJIH TOBapHO-fleHeiKHbie 
OTHOUJeHHH H CBH3aHHbie C HHMH KJiaCCbl H 

KJiaccoBwe aHTaroHH3MW, — Bee 3to Hrpa- 
jio 3flecb BTopocxeneHHyio pojib h cTporo 
KOHTpOJIHpOBajIOCb He 3aHHTepecoBaHHbiMK 
B pa3BHTHH ^aCTHoro CeKTOpa BJiaCTilMH. 

<PyHKi;HH JKe rocnoflCTByiomero KJiacca 
BbinojiHJUi annapaT BJiacm («rocyflapcTBo — 
KJiacc» no M. A. HeruKOBy), no oTHome- 
hhk) k KOTopoiwy Bee odajibHoe HacejieHHe 
(CoraTbie h 6eflHbie, SKcnjiyaTaTopu h skc- 
njiyaTHpyeMbie) BbicTynajiH KaK coi;HajibHo 
aMopcpHaa macca noflAaHHbix, BbinjiaiHBaB- 
iiihx b Ka3Hy peHTy-Hajior h HcnojiHHBinHX 

nOJIOHCeHHbie nOBHHHOCTH. 

B. Xopoc: CTano 6biTt>, no/iyMaeTcn coBCeM 
no P. Kun/inHry: 3anafl ecTb 3anafl, Boctok 
ecrb Boctok, h mm HHKorfla He corn-neb? 

JI. BacHJibeB: He coBceiw TaK. He TOJib- 
ko noTOMy, ^to ceroflHH, b anoxy paciy- 
meft yHHBepcajiH3ai^HH mhpoboS hctophh, 
3anafl h Boctok BHHyjKfleHbi npHcnocaS- 
jiHBaTbcH, «npHTHpaTbcH» flpyr k flpyry, 
Ho h noxoMy, hto ho onpeflejieHHoro nepH- 
Ofla (npHMepHo VIII — VII bb. flo 
h. 3.) Becb mhp pa3BHBaJics KaK 6W no 
eflHHofl MOflejiH. A 3aTeiw b cpeflH3eiwHo- 
mopckom perHOHe, fla h to He Be3fle, npo- 
H3omeji nepejioM, hjih, — ecJiH ynoTpe6HTb 
6oJiee 6jih3khh MHe TepMHH, — coi;HajibHaH 
MyTauHH. B yHHKajibHbix ycjioBHHX CpeflH- 

3eMHOMOpbH B03HHKJI0 HOB006pa30BaHHe — 

ApeBHerpenecKaH (eBponeiicKan) cipyKTy- 

pa. BoCXOflHlIJHe K (pHHHKHHCKOMy onwTy 
pa3BHTbie TOprOBbie CBH3H H aKTHBHOe MO- 

peimaBaHHe paHo npHBejin k ninpoKoiwy 
pacnpocTpaHeHHio TOBapHo-fleHejKHbix ot- 
HonieHHft, HMymecTBeHHOMy (He cBH3aHHo- 
My c flojiJKHOCTbio h MecToiw Ha HepapxH- 
HecKoft conHajibHofi jiecTHHi;e) HepaBeHCT- 
By, hto noBJieKjio 3a cofiofi pa3jiojKeHHe 
npeiKfle HepacHjieHeHHoft o6mHHbi h bo3- 
HHKHoBeHHe Ha ee ocnoBe aHTHinoro no- 
jiHca. 

Ha nepeflHHfi njiaH Bbimno opneHTHpo- 
BaHHoe Ha phhok ^acTHoe TOBapHoe npo- 

H3B0flCTB0. HaCTHOCofiCTBeHHH^eCKHe OTHO- 
UieHHH CTanH BeflymHMH h cTpyKTypoo6pa- 
3yremHMH, a o6n;HHa — KojiJieKTHBOM paB- 

HonpaBHblX, HO HMylHeCTBeHHO pa3Hflm,HX- 

ch rpaiKflaH, no oTHomeHHio h kotopbim 
HyHce3eMi;bi BbicTynajiH b KaqecTBe Henoji- 
HonpaBHbix h pa6oB. Ha 6a3e o6mHHHoro 
caMoynpaBJieHHH cJiojKHjiacb nojiHTH^ecKan 
opraHH3auHH pecny6jiHKaHCKoro THna. 
YiacTHe b ynpaBJieHHH CTaJio npaBOM h 
o6fl3aHHocTbio Kamfloro rpajKflaHHHa, npH- 
qeM hh MaTepnajibHbix Bbirofl, hh omyTH- 



67 



mmx npHBHJierHft sto He flaBajio 3 . Bo3hhk- 
jio TaK Ha3biBaeMoe «rpamflaHCKoe o6mecT- 
bo» co BceMH xapaKTepHfaiMH flJiH Hero hh- 

CTHTyTaMH, npH3BaHHbIMH COfleficTBOBaTb 
pa3EHTHK) iaCTHOC06CTBeHHHieCKHX OTHO- 

iueHHfi (fleiwoKpaTHH, JiHiHbie npaBa h cbo- 
Soflbi, yBameHHe flocTOHHCTBa rpajKnaHHHa 
h caMoyBaHteHHe jihmhocth, a TaKHte ycjio- 

BHH flJIH pa3BHTHfl BHyTpeHHHX nOTeHUHH, 
HHflHBHflyajlbHOH SHeprHH, HHHUHaTHBbl, 
npeflnpHHMHHBOCTH, BKJIIOHaH (pOpMaJIbHO- 

npaBOBbie rapaHTHH). 

Hn^ero nofloGHoro b HeeBponeficKHX o<> 
mecTBax h flame bo MHornx eBponeftcKHx, 
Kan, HanpHiwep, b paHHe<peoflajn>Hbix rep- 

MaHCKOM H CJiaBHHCKOM, He Ha6JlK>flaJIOCb. 

Ilepefl HaMH flBe Ka^ecTBeHHO pa3JiHiHbie 
CTpyKTypbi. B oflHOfi H3 hhx rocy/japcTBO 

6bIJ10 OCHOBHbIM H OEpefleJIHroiUHM 3Jie- 
MeHTOM npOH3BOflCTBeHHbIX OTHOIUeHHH H B 

CHjiy 3Toro BbinojiHHjio jpyHKHHH rocnoflCT- 
Byromero KJiacca, a6cojiK>THO flOMHHHpyH 

HEfl nOflaBJieHHbIM H IipHHHJKeHHblM HM 
oGmeCTBOM, COCTOHBLUHM H3 6e3JlHFOH 

iwaccbi noflflaHHbix, jiHineHHbix rapaHTHpo- 
BaHHbix npaB h CBo6on (pe^b He HjjeT o 
Hopiuax oSbiiHoro npaBa h TpaflHHHOHHbix 
npHHunnax >kh3hh), orpaHHieHHbix b npo- 

HBJieHHH BHyTpeHHHX nOTeHUHH H HHflHBH- 

flyajibHofi BHeprHH h uejiHKOM aaBHCHMbix 
ot npoH3BOJia BJiacTb HMymwx («noroJioB- 
Hoe pa6cTBO»). B flpyrofi — rocyflapcTBO 
dajio cjiyrofi rocnoflCTByiomero KJiacca, 
cjiyrofi o6mecTBa, cocTOflBinero H3 hojiho- 
npaBHbix rpam/jaH (b nojincax sto o6miho 

6bIJIO SOUblUHHCTBO HaCeJieHHH), HMeBIUHX 

rapaHTHpoBaHHbie aaKOHOM npaBa, cbo6o- 

flbl H OnTHMaJIbHbie yCJTOBHH flJIH pa3BHTHH 
nOTeHUHH HHflHBHfla B H36paHHOH HM CCpe- 

pe fleHTejibHocTH — pa3yMeeTCH, npn cy- 
mecTBOBaHHH sKcnjiyarapyeMoro MeHbiuHH- 
CTBa HenojiHonpaBHbix h pa6oB. 

OnHcaHHbie CTpyKTypw HepaBHOqeHHw, 
oco6eHHo c toikh 3peHHn nyTefi h TeMnoB 

paSBHTHH. HeyflHBHTeJlbHO, 1T0 aHTHIHafl 

CTpyKTypa, npeo^ojieB CBHaaHHbift c rn- 
6ejibio Pro/ia KpH3Hc h cyiweB npH nocpejj- 
CTBe xpncTHaHH3aLiHH, co BpeMeHeM TpaHC- 
(popMHpoBaTb npHiuefluiyio eft Ha ciweHy 
repMaHCKyio HeaHTHHHoro rana cTpyKTypy, 
pa3BHBajiacb HaMHoro GbicTpee, sHepnre- 
Hee h peayjibTaTHBHee BTopoft. HiweHHo b 
no3flHecpeflHeBeKOBoft EBpone, ocoGeHHO b 
nepwofl PeHeccanca h PetpopMauHH, cjio- 
HtHUHCb 6-naronpHflTHbie ycjiOBHn He TOJib- 
ko flJiH peaGHJiHTauHH aHTHHHoro Hacjie- 
flHH, ho h flJTH reHe3Hca Ha flaHHoft ocHOBe 
KanHTajiH3Ma. B paMKax rereJieBCKOfi Tpn- 
aflbi 3To MomeT 6wTb npeflCTaBJieHO b bh- 

fle KJiacCHHeCKOft JHfflaMHKH (Te3HC, aHTH- 

TeaHC, CHHTea), b yieHHH o (popMauHHx — b 
BHfle Tpex^jieHHoft cxeMbi (popiviauHH (aH- 
TiraHafl, 4 )e °fl ajIbHa ^. KanHTanHCTHqecKafl), 
jieruiefi b ocHOBy nHTHijieHHofi. Ho b jik> 
6om cJiyiae sto He HMeeT OTHomeHHH k He- 



3 CjieuyeT OTMeTHTb, ito h .neMOKpaTHqe- 
cKHe nojiHCH THna Ac})hh (He roBopn ywe o 
TaKHX, KaK CnapTa) 6uim 3HaKOMbi h c ojih- 
rapxneft, h c THpaHHeft. Ho Bee >Ke Beaymeft 
TeHxi.eHu.Hefl Gbijio pa3BHTHe no fleMOKpaTHiie- 

CKOfi MOflejlH. 



aHTH^HOcTH, HeeBponeficKHM cTpyKTypaiw, 
He SHaBUiHM noflo6Hbix kojijth3hh, He3Ha- 

KOMblM CO CMeHOfi <J)OpMaHHH H He HMeB- 
UIHM BHyTpeHHHX nOTeHUHH flJIH BbI3peB3- 
HHH B HHX KanHTajIH3M3. 

B. Xopoc : flaBafiTe 6yfleM CMMTaTt, hto 
MeTOflO/iorkHecKasi «pa3MMHKa» npoBefleHa — 
flanbHeMLUee o6cy>KfleHne fleSCTBMTe/ibHO 
Ha3peBLunx npo6/ieM cbopMauwoHHOw TeopMM 
yseno 6bi hoc cthlukom fla/ieKO ot TeMM. 
Mowei 6biTb, nepeAfleM k i4MBM/in3aUMOHHbiM 
cK»KeTaM? 

JI. AjiaeB: nosTOiviy n He 6yny bos- 
paHtaTb JleoHH^y CepreeBHiy, h3jiojkhb- 
uieMy cbok) KOHuenuHio, xoth MHe ecTb 
ito cKaaaTb. Ho h flyMaio, ito 06a mm 
MomeM corjiacHTbcn, ^to h KHTaficKan, h 

HHflHHCKaH l(HBHJIH3aqHH — 3T0 pa3H0BHfl- 
HOCTH BOCTOHHOrO nyTH paSBHTHH. H XOTH. 

MomeT 6biTb, aajibHefimee cpaBHeHHe hx 
GyaeT HenojiHHM hjih HecTporHiw, HeKOTo- 
pbie napaJiJieJiH hjih npoTHBonocTaBJieHHH 
HanpaiuHBaioTCH caiwn co6ofi. 
Korfla roBopHT o KHTae, to CojibineH 

laCTbK) OCHOBHOe 3BeHO, 3a KOTOpOe HSflO 
yXBaTHTbCH, ^TOfibl BblTaiUHTb l^enb, BHflHT 

b rocy^apcTBe. J\jih Hh^hh TaKHM ochob- 

HblM 3BeH0M HBJIHeTCH KaCTa. 

KacTe ymacHO He BeaeT b HHflOJiorHie- 
ckhx HccjieflOBaHHHx. 3to yHHKajIbHOe HB- 
jieHHe, a iwemfly TeM flaHte b sanaflHofi hh- 
HOJiorHH, KOTopan He HMeeT TaKoro aokt- 
pHHajibHoro naiaJia, KaK Kama, KacTa o^eHb 
flojiroe BpeMH noHHMaJiacb KaK HHTepec- 
Hbift, flame 3a6aBHbifl pejinrH03HbiH hhcth* 
TyT. IlocKOJibHy b pejinrHH OHa HrpaeT 
pojib BTopocTeneHHyio, eio He 3aHHMajiHCb 
h peJiHrnoBeflbi. H TOJibKo b nocneflHHe 
flecHTHJieTHH, Korfla BOSHHKJia «ceJibCKan 
cou.HOJiorHH», Bflpyr cTajio hcho, hto Haflo 
npejKfle Bcero 3aHHMaTbcn KacTofi. Ha 3a- 
na^e h b Hh^hh 3a nocJieflHHe aecHTHJie- 
thh HaKonjieH 6ojibHiofi lvtaTepnaji, noSBO- 

JlHIOmHfl HSy^aTb 3T0T HHCTHTyT B MaCHlTa- 

6ax Bceft Hh^hh, bo MHornx ero cbh3hx 
h npoHBJieHHHx. C HeKOTopbiMH noflxo^a- 
mh 3apy6ejKHbix coqnojioroB TpyflHO corjia- 
CHTbCH, oco6eHHO Korfla ohh saTparHBaiOT 

BOnpOCbl 3BOJIIOHHH KaCTbl. Ho B HeJIOM 
HX BKJiafl B paCKPblTHe TafiH HHflHHCKOrO 

coHHyMa TpyflHo nepeoueHHTb. 

Hama HayKa, KaK h bo MHornx apyrnx 
ofijiacTHx, npe/uioiHTajia h^th no Haea- 

JKeHHblM nyTHM. HeJIb3H CKa3aTb, ito co- 

BeTCKHe HHflOJiorH coBceM He oSpamajiH 

BHHMaHHH Ha COqHajIbHyiO 3HaiHM0CTb Ka- 
CTbl *, oflHaKO HayneHHe ee KaK coHHajib- 
Horo HHCTHTyTa Tan h He 6mjio pasBep- 

HyTO. 

MeJKfly TeM H3 KaCTH MOJKHO BblBeCTH 
OCHOBHbie lepTbl HHflHHCKOH IlHBHJlH3aHHH, 

noHHTb ee b cHHTe3e, KaK cncTeMy. KacTa 
flajia cneiiH^JHiecKyro ofimHHy, oSecne^Hjia 
coxpaHeHHe H3biiecKofi peJiHrnn HHflyH3Ma, 
onpejjenHJia HHCTHTyi;HOHaJibHyio cJiafiocTb 
rocyflapcTBa, aanpenHJia TaKHe nepTbi fly- 
xoBHoro cKJia^a, KaK HencTopH^HocTb mh- 
uiJieHHH, aHTH3rajiHTapH3M, npHHUHnnajib- 



4 Cm. «KacTH b EiHflHH». M., 1965; A. A. 

KyueHKOB. 3B0JU0U.HH HHAHHCKOK KaCTbl. 

M., 1984. 



68 



ho HCKaweHHoe BocnpHATHe co6cTBeHHoro 
oSmecTBa (cTpeiwjieHHe BH/jeTb h H3ynaTb 
HfleajibHyio cxeiwy, a He peajitHocTb). 

O CBH3H KaCTbl H cejIbCKOfi o6m,HHbI I3H- 

cajiocb MHoro 5 . IlosTOMy h He 6yfly nofl- 
pooHo ocTaHaBJiHBaTbCH Ha flaHHOM Bonpo- 
ce. Xony TOjibKo noflnepKHyTb, hto tot 

HHCTHTyT, KOTOpblH HpHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb 
«HHflHHCKOH o6mHHOH», B03HHK, HO MOHM 

npeflCTasjieHHEM, b V — II bb. pp h. s. 
h He HiweeT HHKaKoro OTHomeHHJi k nepBo- 
6biTHoo6mHHHoMy srajiHTapH3My, fleMOKpa- 
TH3My. HHflHficKaH o&UHHa couHajibHo re- 
TeporeHHa — MHoronacTOBa h MHoroKjiac- 
cOBa. 

OflHa H3 3araflOK HHflHHCKOH UHBHJIH3a- 

uhh — coxpaHeHHe 3BOJiiou,HOHHpyiomeH, 
ho Bee Hte nepBoGbiTHofl no npoHcxoncfle- 

HHM, H3bIieCKOH pejiwrHH. PejlHrHH, He OT- 

HocHineficH k paHry MHpoBbix, tsk KaK 
oHa o6pam,eHa He k jiioflHM Boofime, a 

TOJIbKO K HHflyCaM, TO eCTb TOJIbKO K COO"- 

cTBeHHHM nocjieflOBaTeJiflM. Memfly TeM b 

HHflHH B03HHKJia OflHa H3 TpeX MHpOBHX 

pejiHrHfl — 6yflflM3M, h MHoro BeKOB iiojih- 
THiecKH rocnoflcTBOBajiH npeRCTaBHTejiH 
flByx flpyrnx — ncjiaivta h xpHcTHaHCTBa. 
KaiKfla^ H3 3Thx pejiHrHfl HMejia b Hrrhh 
BpeMeHHbie ycnexn, ho KaiKflafl oKa3ajiacb 
HenpHeMjieMoft p,na 6ojibiuHHCTBa hmchho 
cbohm srajiHTapH3MOM. ByflflH3M noTepneji 
nojiHoe nopasceHHe, HecMOTpn Ha to, hto 
oBjiajjeji BooSpaHteHHeM MHorHx HapoflOB 

K BOCTOKy OT HHflHH. HcJiaM IIOJiyHHJI 

oneHb orpaHHieHHoe pacnpocxpaHeHHe, 
obui H30/iHpOBaH cHanajia KyjibTypHO, a no- 
tom, c o6pa30BaHHeM IlaKHCTaHa, h nojiH- 
THnecKH. XpHcTHaHCTBO Boofime He HMeJIO 
ycnexa, 3a HCKjironeHHeM paftoHOB njieiweH, 

He OXBaHeHHblX HHflyCCKOH U,HBHJIH3aU,Hefi. 
CBH3b KaCTbl CO CIieiJHCpHKOH HHflHHCKHX 

rocyflapCTB Ha nporajKeHHH hctophh TaniKe 

JieiKHT Ha nOBepXHOCTH. Pa3flpo6jieHHOCTb 

oCmecTBa, b tom HHCjie KacTOBaH, npHBejia 
k TOMy, hto HHflHii Bcer«a 6biJia pa3flpo6- 
jieHa nojiHTHiecKH. Ecjih moikho roBopHTb 
o KHTaftcKoft HiwnepHH, cymecTBOBaBiuefl 
«Bcerfla», 3a HCKjnoneHHeM cpaBHHTejibHo 

KpaTKHX MeJKflHHaCTHMeCKHX TiepHOflOB, TO 

Hh^hh «Bcerfla» cocTOHJia H3 flecHTKOB, a 
to h coTeH rocyflapCTB. CaMoynpaBjieHHe 

KaCT (H CejIbCKHX OfilUHH, HTO TOHCe 6bIJIO 

BapnaHTOM KacTOBoro caMoynpaBjieHHH) 
fleJia/io HeHyiKHbiM pa3BeTBjieHHMH aflMH- 

HHCTpaTHBHblfi alHiapaT H H3flaHHe 3aKO- 
HOB, yKa30B H t. n. 

IloSTOMy HCTOpHK, H3yHaiOmHfi HHflHK*. 
HaXOflHTCfl B OHeHb THHteJlOM nOJIOJKeHHH — 

b ero pacnopHJKeHHH HeT tckctob yKa30B 
rocyflapefl hjih aflMHHHCTpaTHBHofi flony- 
MeHTauHH. BnpoHeM, OTcyTCTBHe Tex HJIH 

HHblX BHflOB HCTOpHHeCKHX HCTOHHHKOB — 
TOHCe OHeHb BaiKHOe CBHfleTejIbCTBO. Co- 

qHa/ibHWH nopHflOK noflffepiKHBaJicH caiw 
co6oh. H noflflepHtHBajiCH oneHb 3<$)<!peKTHB- 
ho, ropa3flo 3(J)(|)eKTHBHee, yeivi b KHTae, 
h6o b hctophh Hh^hh noHTH He 6bijio Mac- 

COBMX BOCCTaHHft H HH OflHOH KpeCTbHH" 



5 Cm. pafioTM JI. B. A j\ a e b a, a TaK>Ke 
M. K. K y a p a b u e b. 06mHHa h KacTa b 
XHHflycTaHe. M., 1971. 



cKofi BOHHbi. IlonHTKH C03flaHH« peryjiHp- 
Horo BoeHHo-aflMHHHCTpaTHBHoro annapa- 
Ta, nepenHCH 3eMjieBJiaflejibi;eB. peryjiHpo- 
BaHHH HaJioroo&riojKeHHfl h t. fl. othochtch 
yjKe k XVI — XVII bb., k nepHOfly Mo- 
tojiob. 

B. Xopoc: BbixoA^T, hto pjin APeBHero m/ih 
cpeflweBeKOBoro MHAyca KaK 6u HMHero we 
npoMcxoA^fio, HMnero He MeHsnocb? 

JI. AnaeB: IIpHMepHo Tan. HeHCTopHi- 
HocTb noflxofla HHflycoB k peajibHOCTH b 
CBoe Bpeivij! nopa3HJia hctophkob: ohh hc- 

KajIH HCTOpHHeCKHe XPOHHKH H He HaXOflH- 
JIH HX. C IipHXOflOM MycyjibMaH B 
XIII b. noHBjiHioTCH xpoHMKH Ha nep- 

CHflCKOM H3bIKe, JKaHp KOTOpHX 6bIJI 3aHM- 

CTBoBaH co Cpe^Hero BocTona, Hctophjj 
we wo XIII b. ocTaBajiacb «TeMHbiMH 
BeKaMH», noKa He CTaJio pa3BHBaTbCH H3y- 
yeHHe HaflnHceft Ha naMHe h MeflHbix Ta6- 

JIHHKaX. Il03flHee Te3HC O HeHCTOpHHHOCTH 
MblUIJieHHH HH^yCOB noKa3aJICH OfiHflHbIM 

KaK caMHM HHflycaM, TaK h nporpeccHBHofl 
o6ii;ecTBeHHOCTH flpyrnx dpaH. Ero CTaJiH 
onpoEepraTb, OTbiCKHBaH OTflejibHbie co^h- 
HeHHH HCTopHHecKoro xapaKTepa hjih cch- 
jiaHCb Ha ynoMHHaeMbie b HCTo^HHKax yTe- 
pjjHHbie npoH3BefleHHH. Boodme b boctoko- 

BefleHHH eCTb MHOrO Te3HCOB, KOTOpbie CHH- 
TaiOTCH OflH03HbIMH, IlOTOMy MTO «HeKpacH- 

bo» 3ByiaT. Ho Hayna see Hte flOJiJKHa 

CTpeMHTbCH K TOMy, HToGbl BHfleTb BeiUH 
TaKHMH, KaKOBbI OHH eCTb. 

HenpHflTHe npeflCTaBJieHns o flBHiHeHHH 
BpeMeHH (3a HCKJuoyeHHeiw npeflCTaBJieHHH 

O nOCTOHHHOM «yXyflUieHHH») CBH3aHO C 

KOHi^eni^neft HeH3iweHHOCTH racTOBoro ^e- 
jieHH^, nepepoiKfleHHH, nepecejieHHii flym, 
c Hfleefl B03AanHHn b dyflymnx 5kh3hhx. 
Ecjih qejioBen MoweT B03po#HTbCH b hhoh 
KacTe, to oh flOJiHteH HMeTb rapaHTHio. hto 

OH pOflHTCH B TOM Hte BpeMeHH. 

EcTb h eme OflHa, hhcto npaKTHnecKaH 

CTOpOHa H'eBHHMaHHH HHflHHLteB K HCTOpHH. 

KacTOBan cHCTeiwa MoiHeT cymeCTBOBaib, 
TOJibKo ecjiH b Hefl CynyT h^th onpe^ejieH- 

Hbie flBHWeHHH, HO 3TH flBHJKeHHfl He PflJlUK- 
Hbl (JlHKCHpOBaTbCH C03HaHHeM. Coi^HajIb- 

Hbifl cTaxyc KaCT MOffieT iweHHTbcn — yne- 

Hbie 3TO BHflJTT. Ho npH nOMOIllH 3a6BeHHfl 

npoiujioro h (pa6pHKau,HH jion^Hbix reHeaJio- 
thh Ha ypoBHe MaccoBoro co3HaHHH Bee 

OCTaeTCH HeH3MeHHbIM. 

AHTH3rajlHTapH3M, HJIH HePapXHHHOCTb 
C03HaHHH, npOHBJIflJiaCb H npOflBJIHeTCH B 

tom, hto HHflyc HeBOJibHO paHiKHpyeT He 
TOJibKo jiroflefi, ho h Bee OKpymaiomHe 
npeflMeTH, HBJieHHfl npupoflbi, UBeTa, My- 
3biKajibHbie TOHa h t. n. Ecjih HHorfla roBo- 
pflT, hto b EBpone Ha onpe^ejieHHOM 3Ta- 

ne B03HHK «XOMO 3KOHOMHKyC», TO HH£H- 

ey — 3to «xomo HepapxHKyc» (Tan Ha3H- 
BaeTCH oflna h3 KHnr (J)paHuy3cKoro yneHo- 
ro Jlyn flwiwoHa o KacTOBoft cucxeMe). 
HaKOHei;, KacToBoe co3HaHHe BKjiioHaeT 
b ce6« npHHii,HnHajibHoe npeanoHTeHHe 
flOJiHCHoro peajibHOCTH. PeajibHbie oTHoiae- 

HHH, eCJIH OHH npOTHBOpenaT flOJIJKHOMy, 

He (pHKCHpyMTCH co3HaHHeM. IlpaBHJia He- 

H3MeHHOCTH CT3Tyca. SHflOraMHH, PHTyaJIb- 
HOrO OHHmeHHH He fleflCTByMT 6e3 «hckjiio- 

HeHHft». IlocJieflHHe TeM He MeHee TaKHte 



69 



HBJIHKJTCH BCTpOeHHbIM 3JieMeHTOM CH- 
CTeMbl. 

B. Xopoc: 3to xapaKTepHO He TOJibKO fljifl 

WHflMMCKOM UkBkJlM3al4HM. 

JI. AjiaeB: Cmwcji boctohhmx ccunajib- 
hwx CHCTeiw 3aKJiK)HaeTCH b oGecne^eHKH 
CTaCnJibHOCTH. B KHTae cnoco6oM ooecne- 
ieHHn ycToft^HBOCTH o6m,ecTBa dbiJia ME- 

pHTOKpaTHH *, 3HaiHTeJIbHaH BepTHKaJIbHaH 

coi^HajibHan MoonJibHOCTb. B Hhjihh me 

MexaHH3M CTaOHJIbHOCTH 6bIJI npHHininH- 

ajibHO hhwm — OHa ROJiffiHa 6biJia ooecne- 

HHBaTbCH HenCfliBHIKHCCTblO CCU.HaJIbHOrO 

CTaTyca Kawflorc iJieHa cGmecTBa. MejHfly 

TeM nOJIHOCTbK) HenOHBHWHbie CHCTeMbI He- 

npo^Hbi h cKopee paHO, ieM no3flHO py- 
maTCH. KacTOBan me cncreMa fleftcTBH- 
•reJibHo oSecneiHBajia CTa^HJibHocTb. "Wme 

H3 9T0r0 HCHO, HTO HeCOXOfiHMblH MHHHMyM 

Mo6HJibHocTH b CHCieMe flOJiHteH 6bm cy- 
mecTBOBaib. H fleficTBHTejibHO, naCTbi ncfl- 

HHMaJIHCb H onyCKaJIHCb, nOHBJIHJIHCb H HC- 

lesajiH, ho Bee sto He OTpamajiocb co3Ha- 

HHeM, TO eCTb KaK 6bl He npOHCXOflHJIO. 

OcofieHHO BaTKHO flJiH HHflyca noflxoflHTb 
ot flojiiHHoro, a He ot peajinfi k Bonpocy 
o pHTyajibHOM ocKBepHeHHH. TeopeTHiecKH 

H€JIb3H 6JIH3KO c6m.aTbCH C HH3K0HaCT0BbI- 
MH. HO KaCTOBoe C03HaHHe MOJIiajIHBO MH- 
PHTCH C PHflOM CHTyaUHH, KOrfla JIIOflH Tec- 

ho oSmaioTCfl. 3th CHTyaipn Kan 6bi He 
cymecTByioT. IIosTOMy b aBTofiyce, Hanpn- 
Mep, jiiobh MoryT HaxoflHTbcn 6jih3ko flpyr 
ot npyra, Aame TOJiKaTb npyr flpyra. ho 
no Bbixofle H3 Hero HHKOMy He npnxoflHT 

B rOJIOBy np0H3B0flHTb 06pflfl OHHmeHHH. 

To me OTHOCHTCH k ctojicboh, cpaopHKe, 
napjiaiweHTy h t. fl. 

KaK H3BecTH0, 6pan 3aKJiK)iaeTCH JiHiiib 

BHyTpH HaCTbl. 3Hfl0raMHfl — OflHa H3 oc- 

hobhhx nepT KacTbi. Ho noJioBbie cbh3h 
eio npaHTHiecKH He orpaHHiHBaioTCfl. J\&- 
me 6paK Ha caMOM flejie McmeT BbixoflHTb 
3a npeflejibi KacTbi, h Ha sto APyrne ee 
HJieHW b onpeflejieHHMx cHTyauHHX MoryT 
3aKpbiTb rJia3a. ^eficTByeT «npHHH.Hii He- 

06X0RHM0CTH» — eCJIH 3T0r0 HeJIb3H, HO 
OieHb HaflO, TO MOTHHO. To, 4TO HanHcaHO 

b HHHrax, HywHO 3HaTb h noBTopHTb, a no- 
CTynaTb moikho no cTpeMJieHHHM. OcoGeH- 
bo BaffiHO noHHiwaTb sto HenpocToe otho- 
meHHe Menyiy cjioBaMH h peajibHOCTbio, xa- 
paKTepHoe ajih hhahhchoh HyJibTypw, ce- 
roflHH, Kor^a b npecce, na MHTHHrax Be- 
flyTCH pa3roBopbi o nporpecce, seMOKpa- 
thh, Sopbde c peaHi^nefi. A Ha caiwcM sejie 
bo MHornx cJiyianx 3a sthmh pa3roBopaMH 
ctoht SecnpHHUHnHan 6opb6a 3a BJiacTb b 

COK)3e C JIK)6bIMH napTHHMH H CHJiaMH. 

CneiiHtpHKa 3flecb saKjnonaeTCH b tom, 
ito Jio3yHraM He BepflT hh Te, kto npo- 
B03rjiamaeT hx, hh Te, kto BOcnpnHHMaeT 
hjih CKaHRHpyeT. 9to npocTO npaBHJia Hr- 
pbi. B flaHHOM cjiyiae peib HfleT He o no- 
jiHTHiecKoft CHCTenie HHflHH b i;ejioM, npo- 



* MepHTOKpaTHH (jiax. meritus — 3acny>KeH- 
hhh, aoctohhhh; rp. kratos — BJiacTb) — co- 
UHOJioraqecKHH TepMHH, oSosHa'iaiomHii CHCTe- 
My npaBJieHHH, npw kotopoh y KopMHjia BJia- 
cth HaxoAHTCH HaH6ojiee AocToiiHbie, 3acjiy- 
HceHHHe, yBaiKaeMwe rpajK^aHe. — PeA- 



rpeCCHBHOCTb HOTOpOH BH6 COMHeHHH, HO 

o Tex ee nepTax, HOTopbie yHacJieflOBaHw 
ot npomjioro hjih 6a3Hpyi0TCH Ha coxpa- 

HHBLUHXCH TpaflHI^HOHHMX COUHaJIbHblX OT- 
HOIIieHHHX. 

B. XOpOC: HO pd3Be 3TOT KOHCp/lMKT MOKfly 
CyiUMM H flOJl>KHblM HMKOrfla He BblXOflMJl 

Hapywy? 
JI. A.iaeB: Pa3yMeeTCH, BwxoflHJi. HHTe- 

peCHbt B 3T0H CBH3H CJTeflbl HHTejIJieKTyaJIb- 
HOH GopbGbl, KOTOpaH BeJiaCb B flpeBHOCTH 

h cpeflHeBeHoBbe. Bo3Khkjih jipe HayKH, 
ABa HanpaBJieHHH mwcjih: flxapMamacT- 
pa — Hayna o GJiaroiecTHH, npaBHjibHOM 
noBefleHHH, h apTxamacTpa — HayKa o 
nojib3e, Bbirofle. BTopan, B03HHKmaH, no 
MHeHHio HenoTopbix HCCJieflOBaTejiefi, flawe 
paHbiue, ieM nepBan, GbiJia GjiHffie h pe- 
ajibHofi mh3hh yme xoth 6w TeM, mo CTa- 
BHJia BnojiHe MaTepnajibHbie i;eJiH. Ho b 
xofle 3B0jiioi;hh oSmecTBa flxapMamacrpa 
pa3pa6aTHBaJiacb Bee noJiHee, B03HHKajin 
Bee HOBbie TpanTaTbi — MaHy, HflJKHHBaji- 
KbH, BpnxacnaTH, Hapa^a, TayTaivia h 

T. n., — OHH yCepflHO HOMMeHTHpOBaJIHCb, 

a apTxamacTpa 3a6biBa;iacb h coBepuieHHo 
nepecrajia HHTepecosaTb yieHbix h npaBH- 
Tejiefi. H3 MHornx TpaKTaTOB SToro Ha- 
npaBJieHHH no Hac flomeji Jinuib o^hh, 
«ApTxamacTpa» KayTHJibH, cJiyiaftHo ot- 
KpblTblfi b 1905 r.. 

Hto me Tanoe flxapMamacxpa, tto 3ami- 
Majio yMbi cocTaBHTeJieft TpaKTaTOB h kom- 
MeHTaTopoB? KaK cJieflOBajio 6w opraHH- 
30BaTb rocyflapcTBO, cyflonpoH3BOflcTBO, 
pHTyaji, ceMefiHyio >KH3Hb no npaBHJiaM 
6jiaroiecTHH. Bee 9th TpaKTaTbi cocTaBjie- 
Hw b onTaTHBe — HceJiaTeJibHOM HaKjioHe- 
hhh — h He HiweJiH npHMofi cbh3h c peajib- 
HOCTbio. IlpoxcflHJiH Bena, b Hhrhh MeHH- 
jiHCb flHHacTHH, MycyjibMaHe 3aBoeBajiH 
HBe TpeTH crpaHbi, a KOMMeirraTopbi ro 
XIX b. CKpynyJie3Ho nepenncbiBajiH h 

TOJIKOBajIH TeHCTbl, H B HX KOMMeHTapHHX 

HHKaK He OTpamaJiHCb (paKTbi peajibHoK 
7HH3HH. H Teiw He MeHee sto SbiJio Heo6- 
xoflHMO — fljm ncAflepiHaHHH nan KyjibTyp- 

HOH Tpa^Hi;HH, TaK H COI^HaJIbHOH CTafiHJIb- 
HOCTH. 

B. Xopoc: Mtsk, siflpoM mhahhckom umbm^h- 
3auHn BBnneTcn KacTa KaK coi4najibHbiM mhctm- 
TyT, HaM6onee cooTeeTCTBytoiUMM MecTHOM 
MHCpo/iorMM vi pennrMM. KaKkM we o6pa30M 

MOWHO «BblCTpOHTb» KMTaMCKyiO L(MBMJ1H3a- 

14M10, JleoHMfl CepreeBMM? 

JI. BacHJibeB: B OTJiHine ot Hhahh, rfle 
MH^ojiorHH h peJinrHH Ha 3ape ee hctophh 
nrpaJiH e^Ba jih He nepBOCTeneHHyio pojib 
b onpeflejieHHH KOHnpeTHoro xapaKTepa 

Tex H^efi H HHCTHTyTOB, KOTOpbie 3aflaJIH 

napaMeTpw cKJiaflbiBaBmefiCH TaM i?hbh^h- 
3auHH (BapHH, KacTbi, cnei^H(pHqecKaH 06- 
mHHa), flpeBHeKHTaficKoe o6mecTBo He 6h- 
jio hh yepeciyp pejiHrH03HMM, hh ckjioh- 
hwm k MHipojiorHH. HanpoTHB, oho npeji- 
TIOHHTaJIO CMOTpeTb Ha MHp BecbMa Tpe3- 
bo, npaKTHHHO, pea/iHCTHiHO. yjKe b Haia- 
jie snoxH Mwoy (pySeiK II — ^1 Tbicnie- 
jieTHH bo h. 3.) Gbijia Bbipa6oTaHa hoktph- 
Ha «MaHflaTa He6a», corJiacHO kotopoh 
CHHTajiocb, hto BejiHKoe He6o flaeT npaBH- 
Tejno noflHe6ecHOft ero bhcokhh noci 



70 



C TeM, 1To6bl TOT HeyCTaHHO 3a60THJlCH o 

fijiare cbohx noflflaHHbix, npouBeTaHHH ro- 
cynapcTBa h SnarococTOHHHH oCmecTBa, 
h ^to HeCpeHieHHe b 3tom nejie Bjiener 3a 
co6oh rHeB He6a h, wan cJieflCTBHe — ciwe- 
Hy Bjianejibua ManflaTa. 

ttopaiyjia «MaHflaTa He6a» 6wJia nepe- 

OCMHCJieHa H pa3BHTa BejlHKHM flpeBHeKH- 

TaficKHM (pHjiococpoM KoH<pyu.HeM (551 — 

479 IT. flO H. 3.). B 3T0H ROKTpHHe, nofl 
3H8K0M KOTOpoft JKHJ1 H pa3BHBajlCH KH- 
Taft Ha npoTHJKeHHH TMCHHejieTHH, Ha ne- 

peflHHH nJiaH 6blJlH BblflBHHyTbl COUHaJlb- 

Haa 3THKa h onpeflejiHBUiancH eio nojiHTH- 
yecKaa HyjibTypa. OSocTpeHHoe qyBCTBO 
flonra, BbrcoKHe MopajitHbie wa'jecTBa, me- 
jiaHHe Bcero c«6h 0Tn,aTb Ha 6Jiaro #py- 

THX, nOCTOHHHOe CTpeMJleHHe It nOCTHIKe- 
HHK) HCTHHM, JlKlGoBb K 3HaHHK>, BepHOCTb 

h 6jiaropoflCTBo — bot tot Hfleaji, Ha ko- 

TOpblH flOJIJKHbl SblJlH OPHeKTHpOBaTbCH 

jiioflH, weJiaBiiine ynpaBJiHTb flpyrnMH. 
HineHHo Taworo pofla HAeaJi cTan co Bpe- 

MeHeM 3TajIOM0M flJIH WHHOBHHKOB KHTaft- 

ckoh KMnepHH, b3hbiuhx b cboh pyKH yn- 
paBJieHne IloflHeCecHOH h flOKa3biBaBiuHX 
cBoe npaBo Ha ynacrne b ynpaBjieHHH cfla- 

Hefi KOHKypCHblX 3K3aMeHOB, B OCHOBe ko- 

Topbix jieiKajio xopoiuee 3HaHne KOHtpyuH- 
aHCTBa. 

Pa3yi«eeTCH, peajibHan JKH3Hb b Tpan,H- 
qHOHHiOM KHTae oraioflb He coBnajjaJia c 
HfleaJiaMH, ho Bee me HMeHHo Hfleaji cpop- 
MHpoBaji ocHOBHwe napaivteTpbi o6m,ecTBa 
h rocyaapcTBa. OtpHijHajibHo caKKUHOHHpo- 
BaHHoe CTpeMJieHHe k noHCKy h peajiH3a- 
Uhh coiinajibHOH rapMOHHH b onpesejieH- 
hoh CTeneHH o6y3flbiBajio npoH3BoJi BJiacTb 

HMymHX, CKOBaWHblX K. TOMy Hte JHeCTKHM 

pernaMeHTOM b o6pa3e jkh3hh h noBce- 
HHeBHOM noBe^eHHH (KHTaftcKHe uepeMo- 

HHH) H BeHHO HaXOflHBIUHXCH IlOfl flaMOKJlO- 

BbiM Me^oM nepeMeHHHBoro h 3aBHCeBiuero 
ot hx MopajibHoro CTaHflapTa He6ecHoro 
MaHflaTa (3ajjHHM ihcjiom KpyineHHe Tog 

HJIH HHOH flHHaCTHH BCerfla oS-bHCHflJlOCb 

OTCTynjieHHeM ot daHflapTa, ito oobi'mo 

6bIJIO 6J1H3KHM K HCTHHe H nOTOMy BCeMH 
BOCnpH-HHMaJIOCb KaK HeHTO caiwo coooft 

pa3yMeiomeecH ) . 

KoHXJDyUHaHCKHfi 3THieCKHfi CTaHflapT 
BOUiejI B IlJlOTb H KpOBb TpaflHUHOHHOrO 

KHTan. MJiajnuHe aojukhm 6mjih nxwopHO 
CJieflOBaTb pyKOBopcTBy CTapmnx — otckj- 
Ea CTOJib BbiconaH CTeneHb naTepHajiH3Ma, 
pojib KyjibTa npe^KOB h CTpeMJieHHe k 
CTporoiwy cofijiiofleHHK) HepapxHHecKoro no- 

pHflKa, HHHOnOHHTaHHK). Bee B JKH3HH Ka>K- 

floro, BKjiio'iaH ero ouemj\y, yKpauieHHH, 
arpHCyTM, MaHepw noBefleHHH, jieKCHKy, 
4)opMbi BbipaweHHH MbicjiH, Bcerfla CTporo 
cooTBeTCTBOBajiH nojioweHKio h paHry, B03- 
pacTy h cHTyai;HH. ^ocTHruiHfi coBepuieH- 
cxBa i^epeMOHHajibHbiH pnTyaji, oco6eHHO 
b Bepxax oGmecTBa, poiKflaji KecjibixaHHyio 
CTeneHb HecooTBeTCTBHH noflnHHHbiiw pea- 

JIHHM: yMHblH nOCTOHHHO 06h33iH 6bIJl HMe- 
HOBaTb Ce6« HHITOJKHbIM H TJlynblM b 6e- 
Cefl€ C HH1TOJKHHM H TJTynblM, HO crapiiiHM 

no BoapacTy h paHry, h t. n. Ho sto Ka- 
JKymeecH jinueMepHe c jihxboh KOMneHCH- 

PQBaJIOCb CTaCHJlhHOCThH) C03flaBaBHlerOCH 



3a ero cieT npoiHoro couHaJibHoro nopHfl- 
Ka. K Towiy we oho He TOJibKo He 3aKpbi- 
Bajio nyTb Hasepx, ho, HanpoTHB, cnocoficT- 

BOBajlO npoflBHWeHHK) yMHblX H TaJiaHTJIH- 

Bbix: oBJiafleB hcxhtphmh npaBHJiaMH Hr- 
pw, jiioCoh H3 hhx wor flogHTbCH ycnexa. 

HHblMH CJIOBaMH, TpaflHUHOHHblfi KHTaft 

6wji AocTaToiHO oTKpuTbiM hjih peajiH3a- 

UHH TIOTeHLlHH JIWTOOCTH, HO npH OflHOM 
HenpeMeHHOM yCJIOBHW. 3Ta JIHHHOCTb u«- 
J1HKOM HfleHTHXpHUHpyeT CeSfl C CHCT€MOH 

h, Cojiee Toro, oGpamaeT Bee cboh cnocofi- 
hocth bo 6^aro cymecTBywineH coijHajib- 

HOfl CHCTeMbl. 

B OTJiHine ot HHflHH c ee CTporHMH 

BapHO-KaCTOBblMH OrpaHH'jeHHHMH KHTaft 

6bIJl CBOeo6pa3HHM uapcTBOM MepHTOKpa- 
thh: cnocoSHbie, cAaB 3K3aMeHbi, BbifiHBa- 

JIHCb B BepXH 06lJJ,ecTBa, a BOHtflH KpeCTh- 
HHCKHX BOCCTaHHH HTepeflKO CTaHOBHJIHCb 

HMnepaTopaMH. H 3to HHKoro He cMymajio, 
h6o Obijio Ha Cjiaro IToflHefiecHOH, b Tpa- 

AHItHHX HOHCpyi^HaHCTBa H B COOTBeTCTBHH 

c ero reHepajibHofi Hfleefi o «He6ecHOM 
MaHflaTe». 3jiacTHHHOCTb CHCTeMbl h ee 
cia<5HJibHocTb rapaHTHpoBajiHCb BewaMH ot- 
paooTaHHbiMH npHHunnaMH firopoKpaTH^e- 

CHOH aflMKHHCTpaUHH. XoTH HMeBHO 6K»pO- 

KpaTbi H3 HHCJia ycneuiHo c^aBiuHx tpoh- 

Hbie HOHKypCHbie 9K3aMeHbI KOH<pyUHaH- 

qeB ynpaBJiHJiH HMnepHeii, BcesjiacTHe hx 
orpaHHHHBajiocb 6jiaroflapH o6H3aTejibHOH 
CMeHHeiwocTH, CTporoMy i;eH3opcKO-npoKy- 

pOpCKOMy Hafl30py H HeoSxOflHMOCTH COOT- 

BeTCTBOBaTb CTanflapTy, Jiiofioe HapymeHHe 
Koroporo BM3biBaJio o6mecTBeHHoe ocyjK- 
neHHe (a k o6m,ecTBeHHOMy MHeHHio b 
3tom cMMCJie b KHTae Bcerna npHCJiyuiMBa- 
jiHcb). KoHeHHO, cjiyiaJiHCb h HaKJiajptH. 

HO HMeKHO OHH H BejlH K KpH3HCaM, pe- 
3y^bTaTOM HX 6bIJlH TH^eJlb AHHaCTHH H 

Boi;apeKHe hoboh, rJiaBHofi 3a€oTott koto- 
poii OK.a3biBajiocb BoccTanoBJieHHe nopy- 
raHHofi HopMbi, HapymeHHoro cTaHflapTa, — 
TojibKo 3thm OHa MorJia oGecneiHTb cBoe 
flJiHTeJibHoe h TeM SoJiee jierHTHMHoe cy- 
mecTBOBaHHe. 
B oTjiHHHe ot HHflHHi;a KHTaeu, Bcerfla 

6bIJl COHHaJlbHO aiKTHBeH H OTHOCHJ1CH K TO- 

cyflapcTBy b jinue annapaTa BJiacTH bo r.na- 
Be c HMneparopoM Kan k neiwy-To ecTecT- 

BeHHOMy, npHBMHHOMy, H3HalaJlbH0 flaHHO- 

My. Eme KoHtpyHHii yiHJi, ito rocyflapcr- 

BO — 3TO COJIblliaH CeMbH. ECJIH B HHflHH 

mhp flJiH cpeflHero ^ejioBeKa oCbiiHo orpa- 
HHHHBajiCH ero KacTofi h o6iu,hhoh, to b 
Knrae, npn orpoMHofi 3HayHMoCTH ceMhH, 

KJiaHa HJ1H TOH me ofilUHHbl, BepiUHHOH 

couHajibHbix neHHocTett 6hjio Bee we ro- 
cyflapcTBo. HMeHHo cHJibnoe rocyflapcTBo 
rapaHTHpoBajio nopnflOK h oSecneyHBaJio 
HepyiiiHMOCTb HopMW, 6opo^ocb C ni06bIMH 

ripOHBJieHHHMH 6e30TBeTCTBeHHOCTH H 6e3- 

Ha-Ka3aHHOCTH, orpaHHHHBajio HacTHOcoScT- 

BeHHHHeCKyK) CTHXHK) H KOHTpOJIHpOBaJIO 

pbiHOK, a TaKHte BbicTynajio b KanecTBe ra- 
paHTa cymecTBOBaHHH b THmejibie roflbi 
HeypoHtaeB h cthxhShmx 6e#cTBHH. 

B HwflHH, r^e pojib rocyaapcTBa, KaK 
h ero CHJia h 3HayHMOCTb ajih crpyKTy- 
pbi, 6bijia Ha-MHoro cjiafiee, anbTepHarii- 

By eMy COCTaBJIHJiH 06LHHHHOdJaCT0BaH ch- 



71 



deiwa h orpoMHOe pa3BHTHe naTpoHaJKHO- 
KJineHTejibHbix cBH3efl. B KHTae SToro th- 
na cbh3H, ocoSeHHO b tpopMe Tpa- 
aHUHOHHOro KOHcpyuHaHcKoro naTepHaJiH3- 
Ma, TOHte HrpaJiH BecbMa cymecTBeHHyio 
pojib. Bojiee Toro, ohh ocoCeHHO oHtHBajiH 
h BbixoflHjiH Ha nepeflHHft nuaH b roflbi 
KpH3HC0B h Boofime TaM h Tor;ja, rfle h 
Korfla He Cbijio CHJibHoro rocynapcTBa (Ha- 

npHMep, Cpe^H KHTaHCKHX SMHTpaHTOB- 

xyanHO b KDro-BocTOHHOH A3hh h flpyrnx 
perwoHax). Ho b paMKax cymecTBOBaBiiie- 
ro CHJibHoro rocynapcTBa — *ito 6biJio flJiH 

KHTaHCKOft HMnepHH HOpMOH — TaKHe CBH- 
3H BCe Hte OTXOflHJIH H3 BTOpoft njiaH H, 6o- 

jiee Toro, 6wjih nociaBJieHbi Ha cJiymSy Bee 
TOiuy me rocynapcTBy (hhhobhhkh oChhho 
npe^noyHTajiH HMeTb flejio c pyKOBOflHxe- 

BHMH 06u\Vat HJIH HHblX COUHaJIbHblX KOp- 

nopaunft, OTBeqaBUiHMH 3a co&nio/jeHHe 
nopHffiKa h BbinJiaTy HajiorOB, oTnpaBJieHHe 

nOBHHHOCTefl HX nOflOneHHblMH). 

KHTaft, Kan, BnpoHeM, h Hhhhh, — ojjHa 

H3 BeJIHKHX MOflHtpHKaUHH BoCTOKa. Co6- 
CTBeHHO TOBOpH, TOJIbKO TpH U,HBHJIH3aU,HH 

TaKoro THna (KHraftcKO-KOHcpynHaHCKaH, 
HHflo-6yflRHflcnaH h apaoo-ncjiaMCKaH) npaK- 
TH'iecKH HC'iepnbiBaroT ocHOBHbie BapHaHTbi 
pasBHTHH Ha BocTOKe, a Bcero b HeeBpo- 
neflcHOM MHpe k hhm mojkho RoSaBHTb eme 
flBa — atppHKaHcKHft h JiaTHHoaiwepHKaH- 
CKHfl, BaPHaHTbl HecKOJIbKO cneuHCpHiecKHe 
h ype3aHHbie b cMwcne npHHajyiewtHocTH 

HX K TOfi HJIH HHOft H3 BejIHKHX UHBHJIH3a- 
HHft. (A{ppHKaHUbI, pa3BHBaBUIHeCH B CHJly 

pn^a ycJioBHfi b KpaflHe 3aMeflJieHH0M TeM- 
ne, cobcTseHHOH pa3BHT0ft pejiHrao3H0ft ch- 
CTeMbi He BbipafioTajiH, a JiaTHHoaMepHKaH- 

HaM, GOJiee npOABHHyBHIHMCH B 3T0M n.na- 

He, 6biJia HaBH3aHa nocJie KojiyiwSa xpn- 
CTHaHCKan pejinrHH, ^to 3aiweTH0 cna3a- 
jiocb Ha nocjieRyiomeft sbojuouhh kohth- 
HeHTa.) Pa3yMeeTCH, Bee nnTb UHBHJiH3a- 

UHOHHblX BapHaHTOB BnOJIHe BnHCblBaiOTCfl 

b tot o6m,Hft nyTb pa3BHTHH HeeBponeft- 

CKHX 06meCTB, KOTOPOM fl TOBOpHJI Bbl- 

me. Ho HMemio UHBHJiH3aLiHOHHbie Haiajia 
bo MHOrOM 06ycji0BJiHBaK>T cneuncpHKy 
Kaffifloro H3 HeeBponeflcKHx perHOHOB. 

J\. <I»ypiviaH: fl 6bi xoTeji HecKOJIbKO ro- 
nojiHHTb c^eJiaHHoe JleOHH^OM Eophcobh- 
ieM AjiaeBbiM h JleOHHROM CepreeBuraeM 

BaCHJIbeBbIM CpaBHeHHe TpajJHUHOHHblX 

uHBHJiH3au,Hft Hhuhh h KwTaH. npewtHe 
Bcero, MHe ayiwaeTCH, Haflo yKasaxb Ha 

OflHH OtSlUHH JIJIH 3THX CTpaH flyXOBHblH 

(paKTOP TO, ^TO B UeHTpe peJIHrH03H0- 

(pHJIOCOtpCKOfl MblCJIH OoeHX UHBHJIH3aUHfi 

HeT H^eH eflHHoro Bora, TBopqa MHpa h 
HejiOBena. H HOHtJiyiiHaHCKOe He6o h hh- 
HyHCTCKHfl aCcojnoT — BpaxMaH cyTb 6e3- 
jintHHocTHbie Hanajia («oho», a He «oh» h 
«TbI»). H C 9THM Hepa3pbrBHo JiorHiecKH 
cBH3aH qejibift KOMnJieKC flpyrnx H^eft. 
HeT jiiFiHoro Bora — HeT cOTBopeHHH MH- 
pa, h HeT ero KOHL(a. Mnp BeneH, cOBeieH 
He6y h EpaxMany, oh He H^eT «Bnepefl», 
ot Hanajia k KOHijy, a flBHffieTCH no Kpyry, 
UHKJiHHeH. HeT nHHHOro Bora — HeT h ot- 
KpoBeHHH, HCTHna Be^HO npeSbiBaeT b MH- 
pe. (Beflbl Be^Hbl H BOCCTaHaBJIHBaiOTCH 

b tom Hte BHfle b HaiaJie HOsoro MHposoro 



UHKJia; KoHCpyqHfl He OTKpbHi Huraero ho- 

BOrO, OH JIHUIb 3a(pKKCHpOBaJl TO, HTO 6bl- 

jio, ecTb h Cy^eT.) HeT jiHWHOro Bora — 
HeT H o6ocTpeHHOro ^yecTBa ueHHOCTH, He- 

nOBTOpHMOCTH CoScTBeHHOH J1H1HOCTH. 

KoH<J)yqHaHCTBO He HHTepecyeTCH 3arpo6- 

HOfl HtH3HbK). HHflyH3M pa3BHBaeT HUeiO 

nepecejieHHH «flyui» b cootb6tctbhh c Ben- 
HbiM h «MexaHHHecKH» neftcTByromHM 3a- 
kohom KapMH — B03^aHHH 3a floSpone- 

TejIbHOCTb HJIH rpeXOBHOCTb npeKiuecTBO- 
BaBIIieH H£H3HH. (CjIOBO «flyiUa» 3fleCb MO- 

HteT 6biTb JiHUib b KaBbranax, h6o jtHHHoe 
Haia.no, JiHineHHoe eRHHCTBa caMocosHa- 

HHH H naMHTH, — HeiTO HHOe, Heu XpHCTH- 

aHCKan «Hyuia», npn^eM coxpaHeHHe 3to- 
ro jiHHHoro Haiajia — 6peMH, a ero yTpa- 
Ta — H»6aBJieHHe.) 
C03flaB KapTHHbi BeiHOro Mnpa, r^e 

BCe flBHHteTCH nO HeH3MeHHbIM 3aKOHaM H 

HHraero hoboto He B03HHKaeT, a ecTb JiHiub 
flBHHceHHe no Kpyry, h hhahhuh, h KHTaft- 
HM co3flajiH npeflejibHO ycTOflHHBbie Tpa- 

flHUHOHHbie UHBHJIH3aL(HH, Tfle flefiCTBH- 

TejibHO Bee «flBHHteTCH no Kpyry*. Hckjiio- 
ihb H^eio nocTynaTejibtforo flBHHteHHH H3 

KapTHHbi MHpa, OHH HCKJIIOHHJ1H erO H H3 

cbohx cocHyMOB. Hejib3H, pa3yMeeTCH, 

CKa3aTb, HTO CTaGHJIbHOCTb 3THX qHBHJIH- 
3aqHH — OT KapTHHbi CTafiHJIbHOrO MHpa, 

ho, oieBHflHO, Hejit3H yTBepffiflaTb h 06- 
paTHOro. PejiHrH03Hbie Hflen H coqiiyM, b 

KOTOPOM OHH Cyii;ecTByiOT, HeOTReJIHMbI 

APyr ot Rpyra Kan «flyuiaj> ot «Tejia», 
MeffiRy hhmh — mecTKaH (pyHKUHOHajibHan 

CBH3b. 

Ho npH onpeflejieHHoM cxoflCTBe pejin- 

rH03H0-<|)HJI0C0(pCKHX Hfleft B HHflHH H Kw- 
Tae Menyry hhmh ecTb h oneHb CojibuiHe 
pasjiHHHH. Mowho TaK, HaBepHoe, onpefle- 
jiHTb OTJiHiHe He6a ot BpaxMaHa: He6o — 
«h3h» JirojjbMH h MHpoM, BpaxMaH — 

«3a» MHpOM H JIIOJJbMH. K0H{pyqHaHCKHH 

mhp — «njiocKHH», HH^yHCTCKHH — «rjiy- 
6okhh». He6o peryjiHpyeT counajibHyio 
HtH3Hb h noBeneHHe JiiojjeH — 3a irenpa- 

BHJIbHblM nOBefleHHeM HHflHBHAOB H COU.Hy- 

Ma «MexaHH I iecKH» cJieflyiOT 6eflM. 3aKoH 
napMbi TaKHte «MexaHH^ecKH» onpeReJineT 
6yflymee pontfleHHe b cooTBeTCTBHH c no- 
BeReHHeM, BbinojiHeHneM axapMbi, Mopajib- 

HblX H pHTyaJIbHblX HOpM nOBefleHHH. Ho 

xopomee Sy^ymee pojKfleinie — He bmc- 

UiaH neHHOCTb, paBHO KaK 3T0T MHp — He 

Bbiciuafl peajibHocTb. Bbianan peajib- 

HOCTb — BpaXMaH, H BblCIIiaH UeHHOCTh — 
0C03HaTb CBOe TOffifleCTBO, CJIHTbCH C HHM 

h BbiflTH HaBcema H3 Kpyra CMepTeft h 

pOJKfleHHH. C He60M HejIb3H «CnHTbCH», B 
HeM HeJIb3H «paCTBOpHTbCH» , HaflO JIHUIb 

noflHHHHTbCH ero 3aK0HaM. IIo3TOMy koh- 
4)yunaHCTB0 npennojiaraeT «9KCTpaBepTHB- 
HocTb*, opHeHTauHio Ha Jiroflefi h conHyM. 
He cJiy^aftHO b KHTae b OTJiH^ne ot Hh- 
^hh TmaTejibHO ipHKCHpyercH hctopha. 
He noTOMy, hto b Heft npocJiejKHBaeTcs 
nocTynaTejibHoe flBHrneHHe, ho noTOMy, hto 

B Heft fleftCTByeT BeHHblft MOpaJlbHO-KOCMH- 

necKHH 3aK0H. Hao6opOT, HHflyH3M npefl- 

nOJiaraeT «HHTpOBepTHBH'OCTb», 3JjeCb BblC- 

iiihh Hfleaji — He ^ejiOBen, 6e3yKopH3HeH- 
ho BbmojiHjnoupfi BeiHbie npaBHJia coi;h- 



72 



aJIbHOH JKH3HH, a aCKeT, BblHieflUIHH H3 

coqHyMa, nepecTaBUiHfi HHTepecoeaTbCB hm 
h BOo6iu,e BceM Hecym,HocTHbiM, ^ajKe hji- 

JlK)30pHbIM MHPOM. B KHTfle HCTOpHfl — 

npeRineT Bbicmero HHTepeca. B Hhjjhh oHa 
He BaiKHa h He HHTepecHa. He TOJibKO ro- 
cyAapcTBa, ho h mhph iioctohhho bo3hh- 
KaiOT h Hc^esaiOT b GecKOHe^HOcTH BpeMe- 
hh; My/upeu, aHaer, ito Bee sto HeBaiKHo, 
3to HJUiK)3Hfl, a eflHHCTBeHHaH peajib- 
hoctb — BpaxMaH. 

C 3thm cBH3aHo em,e oflHO BaJKHefiuiee 
pa3JiHiHe. 3aKOHbi He6a, 3aKOHbi npaBHjib- 
Horo noBefleHHH b comiyine, ecTecTBeHHO, 

OTKpWTbl flJIfl BCeX. KoH(pyUHaHCTBO OT- 

kphto h oCpameno ko BceM, HH^ero Taii- 
Horo, 93oTepiwecKOro b HeM 6biTb He mo- 
yaet. HanpoTHB, HHflyHcTCKHH acKeTH^e- 
ckhh HjieaJi no cyTH CBoefi sjiHTapen. Vxofl 

H3 MHpa H B KOHeMHOM CKeTe BHXOfl H3 

Kpyra pojKfleHHft h CMepTefi He MoryT 
6biTb Tpe6oBaHHHMH, oopameHHHMH K 
Maccain. 3to — ajih HeMHorax, a yuen 

60JIblIIHHCTBa BbinOJIHflTb nxapMy H 

HafleaTbCH Ha xopouiee cnejryiomee pojKfle- 
hhc noaTOMy HHflyH3M npe;ino.naraeT 330- 

TepHyHOCTb, He npOCTO B03M0JKHOCTb BCe 
CoJIbllierO yCBoeHHH OflHOH HCTHHbl, KaK B 

KOHtpyijuaHCTBe, ho KaK 6bi HepapxHio pa3- 

HblX HCTHH. HH3IUHe HCTHHbl TOBOpRT O 

flxapMe, oCpnflax, HtepTBonpHHOiueHHHX 60- 

raM H T. R., HO BhlCUiafl TOBOPHT O TOM, 

mo Bee 3to — He KOHeHHan ueHHOCTb hjih 
name hjijik>3hh. 
H 3flecb onHTb mh bhjjhm Hepa3pbiBHyio 

(pyHKItflOHaJIbHyiO CBH3b pejIHrH03HO-<pHJIO- 

cotpcKOH KapTHHw MHpa h opraHH3au,HH 

06nj,eCTBa. «OTKpbITOCTb» KOH(pyU,HaHCKO- 

ro yMeHHH o npaBHJibHOM noBefleHHH h op- 
raHH3aitHH oSmecTBa npeflnojiaraeT bhco- 

KyK) COltHaJIbHyiO MOOHJIbHOCTb B HfleOJIO- 

rHyecKH-biopoKpaTHHecKOH HepapxHH, op- 
raHH3auHK> o6mecTBa, rae HepapxHH Bjia- 

CTH eCTb HePapXHfl 3HaHHfl eflHHOfi KOHcpy- 
IJHaHCKOH HCTHHbl. Hao6opOT, 330TepHH- 

HocTb HHflyH3Ma, HajiHHHe b neM HepapxHH 

HCTHH H erO BblCUIHH HfleaJI — BblXOfl H3 

MHpa h Kpyra poJKfleHHft, Hepa3pbiBHo cbh- 

3aHbI C HepapXHHHOCTBK) HHHHHCKOrO Bap- 

HO-KacTOBOro oGmecTBa, rfle Ha BepiiiHHe 
nwpaMHflbi — 6paxMaHbi, TeopeTHiecKii bo- 
oGiiJte He 3aHHMaK)mHeCH mhpckhmh jxena- 
mh, ne ynpaBjiHKMiy-re o6mecTBOM, ho 06- 
JiaflaiOLLyie HeH3MepHMO Cojiee bhcokhm 
craTycoM, yeM HenocpeflcTBeHHbie flepnta- 
TejiH BjiacTH h CoraTCTBa. 

A. 3y6oB: .Qmhtphh Ecphmobhm OypMaH 
cnpaBefljiHBo HanoMHHji o tom, ito b pac- 

CMaTpHBaeMWX UHBHJIH3aUHHX HeOfiXOflH- 

mo BHueTb He TOJibKO Tpa3mmuR, ho h iep- 

Tbl CXOflCTBa. 

HnnojiorH h KHTaHCTH jiK)6ht noflyepKH- 
BaTb pasjiHHHH Meway H3y»iaeMbiMH hmh 
oCmecTBaMH, yKa3biBan Ha npeHMymecT- 
BeHHyK) poJIb KaCTbl h opraHHMecKofi 
HepapXHH B HHflHH H COOTECTCTBeHHO TO- 

cyflapcTBa h MepHTOKpaTHH b KHTae. Pa3- 

JIH^HH meiKffy flByMH a3HaTCKHMH qHBHJlH- 
3aH,HHMH fleflCTBHTeJIbHO BeJIHKH. HO eCJIH 

cnpaBenJiHBo npenno^oiKeHHe, hto cneiiH- 
4>HKa KaiKflofi H3 hhx Bee me «nepeBeiiiH- 
BaeTCH» onpefleJieHHOfi oSmHOCTbio npH 



cpaBHeHHH c i;HBHirH3aqHeft eBponeftcKOH, 

TO TOrfla MOHtHO 06HapyffiHTb, TITO HHflHH- 

CKafl nacTa h KHTaficKoe rocyaapcTBO npefl- 
CTaBJiHioT co6oft HeKOTopoe THnojiornie- 

CKOe eflHHCTBO — ■ HMeHHO eCJIH B3rjIHHyTb 

na hhx nepe3 npH3My peJiHTH03Horo co3Ba- 
hhh, caKpaJibHoro nepeiKHBaHHfl 6hthh, 
H Bee me c^maio b OTJiH^He ot Jleo- 
HHRa BopHcoBH^a A^aeBa, mo KacTa — 
npojjyKT peirHrH03HOH KyjibTypw. Ha npo- 
THffieHHH Sojiee neu Tpex TbiciraejieTHH Ka- 
CTOBan cHCTeMa noflflepiKHBaJiacb b o6u;e- 
CTBe BceoCmefi yfieiKfleHHocTbio b ee 60- 
HtecTBeHHOfl nepBonpHiHHe. Co3flaBaHCb 

HapaBHe C OCHOBHblMH HaCTHMH KOCMO- 
Ca — H€'6oM, B03flyUlHbIM npocrpaHCTBOM, 

cBCTHJiaMH, CTpawaMH cBeTa, KacTbi oKa- 

3bIBaK)TCH H€ TO^bKO SorOflaHHblMH, HO H 

npeBpamaK)TCH b BaffiHeftmHe KOHCTpyK- 
THBHbie KOMnoHeHTM MHpo3flaHHH. Korfla 
coBpeMeHHbie 3anaflHbie HH^ojiorH yTBep- 
JKflaioT, kto b «peJiHrHH KacTa HrpaeT poJib 
BTopocTeneHHyio», to bto, cKopee, xapaK- 

TepHCTHKa HX C03HaH'HH, HCHteJIH HHflyHCT- 

cKoro. Jinn Toro THna co3HaHHH, KOTopoe 
nepejKHJio PecpopMaiiHW, $HJioco4>cTBOBa- 
Hwe Bore OTopBaHo ot pHTyana, a noTO- 
My h ot noTpedHocTH b caKpaJibHOH opra- 
HH3aqHH o6meCTBa, B Hh^hh mohcho HaE™ 

CKOJIbKO yrOflHO pe^HrH03HOH 4 )HJI0co 4 )HH . 

HHTepecHofl ajih HccJieflOBaTejiH, ^be mh- 
poB033peHHe c4)opMHpoBaJiocb noji BJIHH- 

HHeM npOTeCTaH'TH3Ma, HO B 3TOH B03BH- 

uieHHOH cneKyjwmHH KacTOBan cHCTeMa 
npencTaBJineTCH eMy cJiynaSHbiM, HCKyc- 

CTBCHHblM npHBecKOM. OflHaKO caMOMy HH- 

flHnqy ona TaKOBOft HHKorna He Ka3ajiacb. 
Te ate eBponenitbi, KOTopue coi;HaJiH3Hpo- 
BaJiHCb b JiOHe Cojiee pHTyajiH3HpoBaHHofi 
KaTOJiHHecKOH TpaflHUHH, HanpHMep JlyH 

JJfOMCm, XOpOUIO C03HaK>T OpraHHMHOCTb 
H CymeCTBeHHOCTb KaCTOBOH CHCTCMbl flJIfl 
HHflyH3Ma. 

KaK me coothochtch npmmHUbi KacTO- 

BOCTH H MepHTOKpaTHH? KHTaHI^bl BepHUH, 

mo aneprHH flao — 3anpeflenbHoe ocho- 
BaHHe SbiTHH, HanojiHHeT JiTOfleii h kto 'le- 
jioBeK MOHteT h flojiJKeH pacKpbiTb flapo- 
BaHHbie eMy He6oM cnocoSnocTH, ho pa- 
CKpbiTb to, mo He flaHo eMy, oh, pa3yiwe- 
eTCH, He MoiKeT. ^ejioseK ne BJiacreH b bm- 
6ope nyTefl, ho ot Hero 3aBHCHT, npofifleT 
jih oh h KaK npoftfleT npeflJioffieHHbifi eMy 
CBbiuje nyTb. To TyT, to TaM poffiflaiOTCfl 
jik>ah, KOTopbix He6o noieMy-To o^apHJio 
BbiflaiomHMHCH cnocofiHocTHMH, HHorfla no- 
hbjihkjtch reHHH, h upaBHTejib fljifl 6jiaro- 
no/iyHHH rocy^apcTBa aojHKeH" MaKCHMajib- 

HO nOJIHO BbmBJIHTb H 3KTHBHO npHBJieKaTb 

k ce6e TaKHX JiiojieH. IlepeiKHBiuaH twcr- 
KejieTHH CHCTeMa rocyflapcTBeHHbix 3K3a- 
MenoB SbiJia npeflHasHayeHa hmchho flJia 

3T0fi UeJIH — pa3bICKHBaTb OflapeHHblX 

He6oM. Bo II b. yMeHbiH-KOH^iyiiHaHeu 
HiHyHHan TyH paccyffijjaJi: «Ha flecHTb 

MHJIJIHOHOB flBOpOB BCerfla HaHflCTCH fle- 
CHTb MH^flHOHOB 3flOpOBbIX MyiK^HH, a cpe- 
flH HHX MHJUIHOH qe^OBeK, CnOCOSHHX Bbl- 
nOJIHHTb 06H3aHHOCTH MeJIKHX cjiyiKauuix: 
H3 3Toro MHUJiHOHa Bcerfla mojkho oto- 

CpaTb CTO TblCHH KOMneTeHTHblX 1HHOBHH- 

kob, a cpeflH nocjieflHHX — flecHTb twchh 



73 



Myjuefi, roflHbix hjih BbicuiHX rocyjjapcT- 

BeHHblX AOJIJHHOCTeft* fl . 

B KHTaftcKHx TeKCTax KOH<pyu,HaHCKoro 

HanpaBJieHHH nOCTOHHHO tobophtch O flO- 

cTOHHCTBax SjiaropoflHoro Mysta (u,3ioHb 
u,3bi), ero BbicoKHx MopajibHbix KanecTBax, 

HpaBCTBeHHOM BeJIHHHH, CnOCOOHOCTHX 

n03HaBaTb H flefiCTBOBaTb, 06 OCHOBaHHO- 

cth Bcex ero fleHHHH Ha rjiygoKOM nepe- 
HtHBaHHH My3biKH h pmyaJia. HaM, IHTaiO- 
mHM 9th TeKCTbi, He cjieflyeT, oflHaKO, 
3a6biBaTb, ito flaHiibie KaieciBa He npocTo 
BblBOflHTCH H3 ecTecTBeHHoro, «cJiy t iaHHoro 
coBnafleHHH» MHorHX aoctohhctb b oahom 

JIHU,e, KaK, B03M03KHO, HCTOJIKOBblBaeTCH 

reHHaJibHOCTb b cBe-rcKOK KyjibType 3ana- 
fla, ho paccMaTpHBawTCH KaK flap He6a, 
sneprHH .TJao — fl3. 

Cjie^yeT oTiweTHTb, iro cymecTByeT 
h HHan ToiKa 3peHHH — MHeHne o HepejiH- 
TH03H0M xapaKTepe KHTaftcKoro ofimecTBa 

BTOpOH nOJlOBHHbl I TblCH^eJieTHH flO H. 9., 

BpeiweHH, Korfla odpopMjiHJicn KOHcpyiiHaH- 

CKHH H flaOCCKHH KaHOH, H O TOM, HTO caM 

y^HTejib «He roBopHJi o nyxax» («JIyHb 
ioh») h noTOMy 6btJi He pejiHrH03eH. 
Meatfly Teiw He6o (THHb) KonipyiiHeM h 
ero yieHHKOM h nocjieflOBaTejieiw M9H-u,3bi 
nepejKHBajiocb, cyflH no BceMy, KaK jihh- 
Han SoHtecTBeHHaH cym,HocTb, o6\nafl;aiom.aH 

BOJiefi, JHOOOBbK), COBepiIieHHbIM 3H3HHeM 

cym Bemeft h jnofleft (cm., HanpHMep, 
«JIyHb ioh», «M3H-tj3bi»). IloKJioHeHHe fly- 
xaM KoHcpyuHfi BocnpHHHMaJi KaK cocTaB- 
Hyio iacTb pHTyajia, npaBHJibHoro flJiH 

U,3K>Hb U,3bl nOBefleHHH, H B 3T0M CMblCJie 

yTBepsKflaji, hto «mojihtch nocTOHHHO* 
(«JIyHb ioh»). He6o me fljifl Hero ocTaBa- 

JlOCb BblCIIIHM JIHHHOCTHbIM HaiaJIOM 6bl- 
THH. ^aJIbHefiUiafl 9B0JH0UHH KOH<pyiIHaH- 

CTBa b cTopoHy Sojibiuefi caKpajiH3atjHH 
y^eHHn (hjih, bo3mojhho, Sojibiuero bmhb- 
JieHHH ero pejiHrno3Hbix HHTeHU,Hfi) 
npoTeKana flOBOJibHo 6bicTpo. YiKe bo II b. 
no h. 9. BHflHbifi HfleoJior xaHbCKoro 
KHTan JJ,yn ^jnyH-iiiy b cneu,HaJibHOM TpaK- 
TaTe «0 He6e» («THH , b JiyHb») oflH03HaH- 

HO HMeHOBaJl He60 JIHIHbIM 60JKeCTBeHHbIM 

HananoM. IlpHMepHo b to Hte BpeMH, bo 

II B. flO H. 9. npH flBOPe XaHbCKHX HMne- 

paTopoB BnepBbie B03HHKaeT cncTeMa rocy- 

SapCTBeHHblX 9K3aMeH0B 7 . 

HeyflHBHTeJibHO, ito b jrpeBHeM Kirrae 
TaKwe BCTpe^aeTCH, xoth h b (bopMax, Be _ 

CbMa OTJIHIITblX OT HHflHHCKHX, caKpaJIbHaH 

coi^najibHan nepapxHH. Pa3JiHHHH MeHtfly 

BblCHIHMH caHOBHHKaMH H npOCTOJIIOUHHa- 
MH 06"bHCHHK)TCH He CTOJIbKO 6jIH3OCTbI0 

nepBbix ko flBopy, CKOJibKO «HanojiHeHHO- 

CTbK) fl9». tI,3K>Hb U,3bl MOJKeT H He 9aHH- 
MaTb HHKaKHX nOCTOB, JKHTb laCTHOH JKH3- 



6 Uht. no: B. B. M a ji h b h h. 4eJiOBeK 
b KyjibType paHHeHMnepaTopcKOro KHTan 
(ripoCjieMa lejiOBeKa b TpaflHUHOHHbix Kmaft- 
ckhx yqeHHsx). M., 1983, cTp. 169 — 170. 

7 Cm. B. I. Schwartz. The World of 
Thought in Ancient China. Cambridge 
(Mass.), 1985; H. C. Tillman. Conscious- 
ness of T'ien in Chu Hsi's Thought («Journal 
of Asiatic Studies*, N« 1, Cambridge (Mass.), 
1987, pp. 31—33). 



hmo hjih noflBHsaTbCH b acKC3e. OflHaKO 
npefibiBanwe flocTOHHoro Mynta BHe rocy- 
aapcTBeHHoft cjiyjK6bi — «b flepeBHe», no 
cjioBaM KoHdpyr^HH, «HaHocnT ymepS mo- 
pajiH», nocKOJibKy coBepuieHHbiH npaBH- 
Tejib He ocTaBJineT flocTofiHbix He y fleji, 
a njioxoft BJiacTejiHH He ne^eTCH o cbicKa- 
hhh meflpo oflapeHHbix He6oM. H ecjiH 
flpeBHeHUflHficKHe pyKOBOflCTBa fljifl npaBH- 
Tejieft npeflocTeperaiOT hx ot B03BbiuieHHH 
jnoflefi H3 HH3HIHX KacT, to KHTaftcKHe no- 
nHTH^ecKHe MbicJiHTe.iH npoiujioro to^ho 
TaK Hte yKa3biBaK)T Ha raSejibHocTb ajih 
TpoHa h cTpaHbi Ha3HayeHHH, npoH3BefleH- 
hwx 6e3 y^eTa Tex flapoB, KOTopbie nojiy- 
™jih KaHflHflaTw ot He6a. Il09T0My, no 
M9H-U3M, «nocTynjieHHe Ha cjiywey He- 
Ha^Jie5«amHM nyTeM ecTb fleficTBHe oflHO- 

pOflHOe C BOpOBCKHM CBHflaHHeM MOJIOflblX 

jnoflefl*. 

HH^HHCKan KacTa oGjier^aeT caKpajib- 
Hyio cTpaTH(pHKat(Hio, ho Korfla, KaK b Kh- 
Tae, nofloSHoro o&beKTHBHoro kphtcphh 
HeT, to oh flojiJKeH bchkhh pa3 BocnpoHS- 

BOflHTbCH Ha HHAHBHRyaJIbHOH OCHOBe npH 
HCnblTaHHH flOCTOHHCTB npeTeHfleHTOB Ha 
TOCyflapCTBeHHbie flOJIfflHOCTH. OTblCKaHHH 

oSjiaflaTenefi «xapH3MaTHiecKHX aapoBa- 
hhh». B pe3yjibTaTe TaKoro oTfiopa co3Aa- 
eTCH HepapxHHecKaH nnpaMHfla, xoth 

BHeillHe H OTJIH^HaH OT KaCTOBOH CHCTeMbI, 

ho, b cymtfocTH, eft nofloSHan. Ecjih pac- 
cMaTpHBaTb coriHaJibHbie rpaflaqHH rjia3a- 

MH HOCHTeJIH Tpa^Hi;HOHHOrO peJIHrH03HO- 

ro co3HaHHH (flJiH KOToporo BHflHMaH pe- 
ajiBHOCTb o6n;ecrBeHHOro paccJioeHHH 
npeflcTaBjineT cofjofi He caMOflocTaTOiHyK) 

IjaHHOCTb, HO JIHUIb npOHBJIfiHHe flyxoBHoro 

MHpa, crpoflmero 9Ty peaJibHOCTb no cbo- 

HM aOCOJIIOTHbIM 3aKOHaM), TO M03KHO 3a- 

MeTHTb THnojiorH^ecKoe cxoactbo MeiKfly 

HfleHMH B03POHWeHHH HHflyca B JIOHe TOfi 
HJIH HHOH BapHbl H HepaBHOrO HaiTOJIHeHHfl 

fl9, BbinBJiHeMoro npn 9K3aMeHax Ha 6k>- 
poKpaTH'jecKHH nocT b HiunepaTopcKOM 
Kwrae 8 . 

Ecjih ajih HJiJiiocTpaqHH o6paTHTbCH k 
KyjibType flpeBHero IlepeflHero BocTOKa, 
To noflorjHyio JKe HeaBHyio TeoreHHyro He- 

papXHK) H6CJI03KHO o6Hapy>KHTb H 3flecb. 

H3BecTHa eBaHTeJibCKaH npnma o TaJiaH- 
Tax, naHHbix xo3hhhom paCaM, — «OflHOMy 
flan oh nHTb TajiaHTOB, flpyroMy iiBa, hho- 
My oflHH, KaiHflOMy no ero cHJie». BejiHiH- 
na flapa 3aBHCHT ot «CHJibi» nojiyiaiomero, 
h ero 3afla^a He «3apbiBaTb Tajiamp b 3eM- 
jik»>, ho npnyMHOiKHTb nojiy^eHHoe ycepj- 
hmm cJiyraeHUeM. 3aflaia JKe npaBHTeJin — 
o6HapyjKHBaTb tbkhx, oflapeHHbix «cBepx 

MCpbI» 60JKecTBeHHbIMH TaJiaHTaMH JHOflefi 

h npHBJieKaTb hx k cefje. paccTaBJiHH coot- 

BeTCTBeHHO BeJIH1HH€ flapOBaHHH. 

ECTb, BHflHMO, CBH3b Meffifly IipH3HaHH- 

eM MeTaMncHX03a, nepecejieHHH nyui h 
8 KcTaxH roBopn. xaHbCKHe iwnepaTopbi 

B3Hb-flH H y-flH OCbHCHHJIH BBefleHHe CHCTeMbI 

3K3aMeHOB KaK pa3 >KejiaHHeM KOMneHcnpo- 
BaTb b ce6e HCAOcTaTOK as, nOTpe6Horo ajih 
Ao6poro ynpaBJieHHH cTpaHOft, npnBJie»ieHHeM 
Ha cny>K6y o&naAaTejiefi 6o>KecTBeHHOH 6jia- 
roAaTH (A3) h HHCTOro Ayxa (uh). 



74 



cymecTBOBaHHeM HtecTKofi couHaJibHofi 

CHCTeMbI, OTKpblBaiOIIJ.eii B03MOJKHOCTb H3- 

MeHeHHfl CTaryca jihhhocth toji&ko nocjie 
ciwepTH, b cjie/jyiomeM poiHfleHHH, a po- 
fla — tojibko nepe3 ciweuy MHomx noKOJie- 
hhh, nocTeneHH-oe HRKannHBaHHe cbohctb 
Bbicmefi cTBTycBofl rpynnw, yjiy*mieHHe co- 
ijHajibHoro reHOTHna. PejiHraoaHbie cucTe- 

Mbl, yTBepjKflaiOmHe (xpHCTHaHCTBO, HC- 

jiaM) hjih npejjnojiaraiomHe (TpaflHijHOH- 

Hbie KHTaflcKHe yHeHHfl) yHHKajIbHOCTb 
3€MHOrO cymeCTBOBaHHfl HH^HBHfla, OTJIH- 
HaiOTCH IIpH3HaHHeM HeHBHOH npOHBJieHHO- 

cth 6omecTBeHHoro Aapa, kotopmh Haflo 
yivieTb cbicnaTb npaBHTejno. B to we Bpe- 
mh ohh nocTyjmpyioT, ecjTH b KaiecTBe 
npHMepa npHBecTH cjiOBa Msh-hsm, hto 
«flo (nereHflapHbifi HAeajibHbift npaBHTejib 
ApeBHero Khtbh. — A. 3.) MOHteT CTaTb 
KaHtflbifts», npH3HaBaH, ?to noflJiHHHan xa- 
pH3iwa o6peTaeTCH h BHe o<pHU,najibHbix 
crpyKTyp coiwajibHOft HepapxHH. 
TaKHM o6pa30M, HecMOTp^ Ha o^eBHA- 

Hbie PR3JIHHHH B COUHajIbHOM yCTpoeKHH 
06meCTB HHflHH H KhTBH, npHHHHbl KOTO- 
PMX JiejKBT, BHflHMO, B HHBHJIH3aU,H0HH0H 

cneuHcpHKe KajK/joro H3 cpaBHHBaeMbix 
oSmecTB, h HHflHflcKa« CBflmemiaH Hepap- 

XHfl H KHTaHCKaH HHHOBHafl MepHTOKpaTHH 

bocxoaut k oAHOMy h TOMy me npHHimny 
pejiHrH03Horo c03HaHHjj: jhoahm Epaxiwai? 
h He6o nocbuiawT pa3JiHiHbie /japoBaHHH, 
h «HaflJieiKaii;ees' pacnojioHteHHe jnofleft b 

COOTBeTCTBHH C HX AapOBaHHHMH — 33JI0r 

rapMOHHHHofl HQ13HH o6mecTBa. H KHTafl- 
cKaH 3H3aiweHai(H0HHafl CHCTeiwa h «H3Be i i- 
Hbifi 3aKOH» Hexwpex BapH HH'AyH3Ma cJiy- 
HC3T CBOeO'6pa3HbIMH HHCTPyiVieHTaMH, He- 
OOXOflHMblMH flJIJI peilieHHfl 3T0H BaJKHeft- 

uiefl rocyflapcTBeHHOfi (a npn o6biqHoiw 
ynofloSjienHH rocy/japcTBa — BcejieHHOft h 

KOCMHHecHOfi) 3aflaHH. 

B saHjno^eHHe, MoweT dwTb, cueAyeT 
cfl-ejiaTb oroBopKy. B /npeBHeHHflHftcKOM pe- 
jiHrH03H0-npaB0B0M TpaKTaie — «3aKOHax 
Many* MHoro cTRTeft nocBHmeHO Spaxiwa- 
Haiw, coBepmawmHiw HeflOcTOfiHbie nocTyn- 

KH HJIH npOCTO HCIIOJIHjHOmHM 3aK0H HH3" 

khx BapH, KOTopbifi npome h flaeT Bojibine 

BHeUIHefi CBOSOflbl. KHTafiCKHe HCTOpH'ie- 

CKHe h (pHJioccxpcKHe noBecTBOBaHHH necT- 

PST ynOMHHaHHHMH HfenOTpe6HbIX KHH3b- 

hx, MHHHCTpax, uap«ABOpu,ax. Tanne (paK- 
Tbi, cKOJib 6h MHoro^HCJieHHM h ocytttA a e- 
Mbi ohh caMH no ce6e hh Shjih, He onpo- 
BeprajiH b rjia3ax HocHTejiH pejiHrH03Horo 
C03H3HHH caMoro npHHi^Hna caKpajibHofi 
HepapxHH. J\ame HaH6ojiee anojioreTHnecKH 
HacTpoeKHbie aBTopw TeopeTHiecKHX Tpan- 
TaTOB »e MorjiH He noflHepKHBai-b pa3JiH- 
^ne HepapxHH SoHtecTBeKHofi h HepapxHH 
3eMHOtt. CBo6ojiHaH bojih iejioBei<a Mowei 

H3Bp3THTb H npejIOffiHTb BO 3J10 CBMbie Bbl- 

coKHe Aap°B a HMH: neM Bbiuie ohh, TejH 
6ojibiue 6yfleT hx pa3pyuiHTejibHaH cHJia. 
Ho sana^a npaBHTejiH, ec.iH BepHyTbCH h 
cxeiwe HreyHHan TyHa, H3 aecHTH thchi 
iwyHtefi, roflHbix 6JiaroAaips AapaM He6a k 

3RHHTHK) BHCIIIHX TOCy^apCTBeHKblX flOJIHf- 

HocTett, oTo6paTb TaKHx, qbH bojih rapMO- 
HHHHa c BOJiefi He6a. 9th-to, nocJieflHHe, 
h oKawyTca HacTOflmHMH, a He noTeHi(H- 



ajitHbiMH q3KHb q3bi, t3k me Hare Spaxiwa- 
hw, CTpeMHmnecH 6e3yKopH3HeHHO Bbinoji- 
HHTb flxapiwy BpaxiwaHa, — no/jjiHHHbiMH 
6paxiviaHaMH. PeJiHrH03Hoe c03HaHHe Tpe- 
6yeT rapMOHHHHoro coneTaHHs 6oHcecTBeH- 
Horo h HejioBe'qecHoro Ha^aji, h b cou.h- 
ajibHofl peajiH3auHH 3Toro TpeBoBaHHH hh- 
AHiicKoe h KHTaficKoe o6mecTBa b npHH- 
v,w\e o^eHb cxoflHi>i. 

JI. BacHJibeB; flojimeH 3aMeTHTb, hto 
TOina 3peHHji AHflpes BopHcoBH^a 3y6o- 
Ba Ha pojib pejiHrH03Horo co3HaHHs b kh- 
TaftcKoii TpaAHUHH h HeKOTOpwe ero Te3H- 

Cbl (popitfax npoHBJieHHfl 3T0rO C03HaHHH, 

b ^acTHOCTH o MexaHK3Me oT6opa cnoco6- 

HHX H flOCTOHHHX, OCHOBaHbl, Ha MOfi 

B3rjiflfl, Ha Hefl.opa3yMeHHH. CyftHTe cbmh. 
Moft KOJiJiera yTBepiKflaeT, hto cHCTewia 
3K3aMeRoe b flpeBHeM KHTae cymecTBOBa- 
jia AJi« Toro, hto6h «pa3bicKHBaTb ona- 
penHbix He6oM» h hto 6yflTo 6bi Bee Ka- 
^ecTBa, hohmh xapaKTepH3yeTCH b KOH$y- 
UHRHCKHX TencTax 6jiaropoAHbiH iwyjK, — 
3T0 iyTb J1H He BpOHtfleHHblH, npHcymHft 

jiHuib H3dpaHHbiM «flap He6a». OTMeieH- 
Hbie 3thm flapoM h npoxoflHT, no ero MHe- 

HHK), Hepe3 CHTO 3K3aMeH0B H OKaSblBaWT- 

cs Ha coqHajibHOM Bepxy. 9to, no Moeiwy 
y6eHffleHHio, HaniweHee B03M0HfHa« TpaK- 

TOBKR K0H(pyUH3HCK0H TpaflHI(HH. 

KOHeHHO, H CpeflH CneUHRJIHCTOB-CHHOJIO- 

tob, H3yHaromHx npo6jieiwbi, o kotophx 
HAeT penb, ecxb re, kto -o6pamaeT oco6oe 
BHHMaH«e Ha caKpajibHocTb Hefia — bwc- 
uiyio MHCTHK0-MeTa(pH3HHecKyK) KaTero- 

pHK), e/JHHCTBeHHyiO B 3T0M pOfle — B flO 

npe/jejia ceKyjiHPH3HpoBa»HOH 3THKO-noJiH- 

THqeCKOH flOKTpHHe KOH$yUHa«CTBa. MOHt- 

ho hbhth UHTaTbi, b KOTopux ee C03AaTejIb 
odpamaeTCH k He6y, ^to oh, Bnpo^eM, fle- 
jiaji He TaK ym hbcto h Becbiwa H-eonpeAe- 
JieHHo, CKopee BeffijiHBO-noHTHTejibHO, He- 
wejiH MOJiHTBeHHO. Ho nojiaraib, hto Koh- 
cpyuHfi h ero nocjieAOBaTejiH 6hjih crojib 

npHMHTHSHblMH ^RTRJIHCTaMH, nO-MOeMy, 
HeT OCHOBaHHft. 

KBHHT3cceHqHefi KOHCpyqwaHCTBa h th- 
CHHejieTHeft npaKTHKH npHiweHeHHH stoh 

flOKTpHHbl (B HaCTHOCTH B 4>OpMe 3H3aMe- 

HaqnoHHoro ox6opa counajibHbix BepxoB, 

aAMHHHcTpaTHBHO-6K)pOKPaTH^ecKOH 3JIH- 
Tbl HMIiepHH) 6blJia HMeHHO yCTa.HOBKa Ha 

caM.opeajiH3aqHio — b npoqecce CTapa- 
TejibHbix h uejieHanpaBJieHHbix ycHJiHfl — 
Tex noTeHqHtt, KOTopbie sajionteHbi eABa jih 
He b KaHtflOM nejioBeKe. y^HTbCH, no3Ha- 

BaTb, COBepiIieHCTBOBaTbCH BCIO ffiH3Hb, 
TBepHHJI KOH^JyUHH, flOJIJKeH KaiKflblfl. 

H xot« KHTaflcKHft Myfljpeu;, He SyAy^H 

A0KTpHH€P0M, C03HaBajl, 1T0 He Bee H3 
■yiav\Kxcsi oflHHaKOBo cnoco6Hbi, OH, BO- 
nepBbtx, HHKorAa He roBopHJi o tom, hto 
cnoco^HOCTH — BpowfleHHbifl Aap He6a, 

AaHHblft HeMHOrHM HsCpaHHMM, a BO-BTO- 
pblX, CHHT3JI B03M0HCHWM HyTb JIH He RIIR 

KaHtfloro nocpeflCTBOM Tpy/ja, cTapaHHfi, 
ynopcTBa flocTHHb o6mecTBeHHbix bhcot 
(hto h orpaHceHO b acpopH3iwe Msh- 

IJ3bI — «KaHCflbIH MOHteT CTaTb fiO», TO 

ecTb BejiHKHiw MyApeuoiw). Co6cTBeHHO ro- 

BOPH, K 3T0My H CBOflHTCH Hai;H-OHajIbHblfl 

xapaHTep KHTafiqeB (qacTH'iB'o h HnoHqeB, 



75 



to ecTb Tex, kto npHwacTeH k flajibHeBo- 

CTOHHO-KOH^yUHaHCKOH TpaAHU,HH). Tano- 
My OTBOIIieHHK) K JKH3HH OHH B HeiwajlOH 

cTeneHH o6fl3aHbi cbohm TpyAOJirooHeM," 
bhcokoh KyjibTypofi Tpyfla, KOTOpbie BO 
MHoroM oSecneMHBaiOT hx ycnexn h b HaniH 

flHH. MOJKHO JIH CBH3bIBaTb 3TO C MHCTHKO- 

pejiHrH03HHM co3HaHHeM, ynoBaHHeM Ha 
to, wto TOJibKO Te, kto o6.naflaeT BpOHtfleH- 

HblMH CBOHCTBaMH, CTaHyT H36"paHHbIMH, 
flOCTHTHyT BepiIIHH? 

Cjiobom, yTBepjKfleHHe o cxoflcTBe pejin- 

rH03H0r0 COBHaHHfl y KHTaiHjeB H HHAHfi- 

ueB npeflcTaBjifleTcn MHe HecocTOffrejib- 
hmm. MwCTHKa b KHTae BcerAa 6wjia b Hr- 
pajia cbok) pojib, oco6eHHo b paiwKax pejin- 
rH03nor.o flaocH3Ma. Hiwejia iwecTo h hhcto 
pejiHTHOsHaH caKpajibHocTb. Ha oSujhx 
npHHu,Hnax mhcthkh h caKpajiH30BaHHoft 
MeTatpH3HKH nocTpoeHO MHoroe b khthh- 

CKOH MblCJIH, B HacTHOCTH BCfl TeOpeTHHe- 
CKafl OCHOBa KHTaftcKOH MeflHUHHbl. Tan 

hto noJie riw cneKyjiflu,™ na 3Ty TeMy He- 
o6 , bHTH'0. Ho Beflb cercflnfl mh Befleiw 
pewb He o MHCTHKe h MeTa<J)H3HKe, He o 
caKpajibHOM b nyjibType (b KHTae — Bee 
ecTb!). Mbi BefleM pe^b 06 hhom, ajih Ha- 
uiefl TeMbi caMOM BawHOM, onpeflejiHio- 

meM JIHU.O UHBHJlH3aUHH, — o npHHunnax 
JKH3HH, (pOpMaX COU,HajIbHOH H T-OCyflapCT- 

BeHHofi opraHH3au,HH, o HaH6ojiee oSiuhx 
ueHHocTflx KHTaficKoro oSinecTBa. A c(pop- 

MHpOBajIHCb OHH nop. BJIHHHHeiW KOH<pyiJ,H- 
aHCTBa H CtpOpMyjlHpOBaHbl SblJIH hm. He 

«pejiHrH03HbiM co3HaHHeM», Bcerna ocTa- 

BaBIIIHMCH Ha nepH<pepHH KHTaHCKOH Tpa- 

Ahuhh, a, HanpoTHB, BecbMa pau.HOHa.nb- 
HblM, nparMaTHHHbiM, nocwcTopoHHHM OT- 

HOHieHHfiM K JHH3HH. 



B BbiCTynjieHHH AHApea BopucoBma 
TeM He MeHee mojkho yBnaeTb hchto HHoe, 
aacnysKHBaiomee BHHMaHHH. Ecjih b Hhahh 

3aK0H KapMbI HBJ1HJICH HHCTpyMeHTOM pe- 

jiHrH03Horo OTSopa JiywuiHx (nocJie^HHe 
4epe3 CHCTeiwy nepepojKfleHHft paHO hjih 
noaflHO cTaHOBflTcn GpaxMaHaiviH, Tan HTd 
SpaxMaHbi — 3to jiyuuHe), to b KHTae t 0T- 
pagoTaHHbitt couHajibHoft npaKTHKoR Mexa- 

HH3M 3K3aMeHOB fleHCTBOBaJI npHMepHo TaK 

Hte. Pa3HHu,a jiHuib b tom, hto b oahom 
cnynae cHCTeiwa oT6opa ocHOBaHa Ha pejm- 
rno3HOM co3HaHHH, a b flpyroiw — Ha pa- 
UHOHajiHCTHHecKOM BocnpHHTHH MHpa. Eme 
pa3 saMewy, mo HMeHH-o b stom, Ha moh 
B3rJiHA, KpoeTCH cymectBeHHoe oTJiH^ne b 

OpHeHTaUHflX HHflHHCKOH H KHTafiCKOH HH- 
BHJ]H3aHHfl. 

B. Xopoc: B xofle o6cy>«fleHMji ywe ebm- 
BM/iocb flocTaTOHHO cnopHbix BonpocoB, B 
tom Hwcne npM cpaBHHTenbHOM aHanM3e 

HHflMMCKOH H KHTaMCKOM L(HBHf]k3ai;HH. MtO 

>k, pacxo)«fleHMe no3HnHM — Bemb HopManb- 
Han b HayKe, oco6eHHo Korfla pe^b npjBi o 

CTO/lb CflOJKHblX H HeflOCTaTOMHO H3y4eHHblX 

Bonpocax. TeM He MeHee npoeefieHHbiM 
oBweH MHeHMsiMM, KaK rpeflCTaBjmeTCJi, no3- 
BOnsieT cflenaTb BbiBOA ° rny6oKOH BHyxpeH- 

Hefi yCTOMHHBOCTM o6eHX UHBMnM3ai4HH, 06 

mx cBoeo6pa3HOM coi^HanbHO-KynbTypHOM 

rOMeOCTaTMMHOCTM, paBHOBeCHOCTM. Mwkho 

rOBOpmb KaK o HepTax cxoflCTBa, TaK h o 
pa3JiHMHnx Me>«fly hmmm, ec/in yroflHO — o 

paSHUX OCHOBaHKHX flaHHOki yCTOMMHBOCTM. 

CKasanocb hm 3to KaK-To Ha npouecce mo- 
flepHH3aunH paccMaTpMBaeMbix o6mecTB, 

COnpMKOCHOBeHMfl C BHeiUHMM MMpOM, TeM 

Sonee, hto xapaKTep TaKoro conpMKOCHOBe- 

HM5I 6blJ1 pa31MMHblM? 



(TlpodoAOfceHue cnedyer) 



/vwww'W'vwwv^H^PH, 4>AKTbI, MHEHHH •wwvrv'wvx'w'w'v^ 

Pecny6jiHKa Hhji,hh. Iljiomaflb — 3287,6 thc. km 2 . Hac&neHHe — cBbiuie 
750 mjih. HejiOBeK (1985 r., oq,eHKa), CBbiuie 4/5 BepyiomHx — HHflycbi, cBbiuie 
1/lO^Mycy^biviaHe, ocTajibHbie — xpncTHaHe, chkxh, SyflflHCTbi h pp. 

B 1985/86 <t)HH. r. BHn (b ueHax 1970/71 r. yBeJiH^HJicn Ha 5,1%, npo- 

MblUIJieHHoe npoH3BOACTBO yEe-lHWHJIOCb Ha 8,7%, cejlbCKOXOSHHCTBeHHOe — Ha 

1,9%; floxofl Ha AY^y HaceJieHHH cocTaBHji 797,7 hhahhckhx pynHfi. Skchopt 
cocTaBHji 110,1 MJipA- pynnti, HMnopT — 197,5 MJipA- B AenaSpe 1986 r. 30J10- 
TOBajiioTHbie pe3epBbi cocTaBjiHJiH 73,7 MJipA. pynHH, HHOcTpaHHan noMoinb B 
1985/86 (pHH. r. — 54,0 mjipa.; Ha 31 MapTa 1987 r. rocyAapcTBeHHbiji BHeui- 
HHfl flojir flocTnr 202,1 MJipfl. pynHH. B 1986/87 (pHH. r. BbimiaTbi e norauieHHe 
BHeuiHero ppnra (BKJiioHafl npoi;eHTbi) cocTaBHJiH okojio 16 mjipa. pynnfi. 13,0 
pynHS = 1 ppnn. CIIIA (Ha HHBapb 1987 r.). 

KHTaficKaa HapoAHaa Pecny6jiHKa. IIjiomaAb — 9,6 mjih. km 2 . HacejieHHe 
(BKjHoqaH o. TaftBaHb, a Tanine AoMHHb h CnHraH) — 1060 mjih. lejioBeK, 
1986 r. 

B 1986 r. CTOHMocTb BajioBoro oSmecTBeHHoro npoflyKTa no cpaBHeHHM c 
1985 r. Bo3pocJia Ha 9,1% h cocTaBHJia 1877,4 mjipa. MaHeft, HauHOHajibHHH 
Aoxoa yBejiHWHJiCfl Ha 7,4% h roctvlt 779 mjipa. 3a BbiveTOM pocia ctohmocth 
HIH3HH cpeAHHH 3apa6oTHan njiaTa pafio^Hx h cjiyjKamHx cocTaBHJia 1332 MaHfl 
(npHpocT 3a roA — 8,4%), a cpeAHHfl aoxoa KpecTbHH — 424 waHH (npHpocT — ■ 

3,2%). IlpOMbllllJieHHOe npOH3BOflCTBO B03pOCJ10 Ha 11% H COCTaBHJIO 1115,7 

MJipfl. MaHefi, cejibcKoxo3HHCTBeHHoe — Ha 3,5%, cocTaBHB 394,7 mjipa. 3KcnopT 
cocTaBHji 30,9 mjipa-. AOJiJi. (npHpocT 13,09%); HMnopT — 42,9 mjipa. (npHpocT 
1,55%). B 1986 r. rocyAapcTBeHHbie aoxoah cocTaBHjiH 222,03 mjipa. reaHefi, 
pacxoAbi — 229,11 mjipa. BHeniHHft AOJir — CBbiuie 7 mjipa. AOJiJi. (Cm. «E)Ke- 
toahhk BC3. 1987». M., 1987, CTp. 248, 249, 250, 273, 274.) 



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KPVrnblM CTOJ1„M3mMO 



MM 



HH/JHfl H KHTAH: flBE qHBHJlHSAUHH- 
ABE MOflEJIH PA3BHTHH 



B. Xopoc: B xofle o6cywfleHKH ywe bmhbk- 
nocb flocraTOmno cnopHbix BonpocoB, b tom 
HMc/ie npu cpaBHkTeJibHOM ana/inae hhamm- 

CKOfi M KKTafiCKOM I^HBHJIM3aL4M»1. HtO W, pSC- 

xo>KfleHMe no3Mi4kii — BeiMb b Haytce Hop- 
MarbHan, oco6eHHo Korfla pewb MfleT o cTosib 
csiokhmx u HeflocTaTOWHo M3yjeHHbix Tewax. 
Tew He MeHee npoBeAeHHbift o6mch MHeHun- 
mm, KaK npeflCTaB/iHeTcsi, nosBo/iseT cflejiaTb 
BbiBOA o r/iySoKofi BHyTpeHHeti ycroviMkBOCTM 
o6eux LtkBk/ikoaLink, 06 hx CBoeo6paaHoti co- 
ituajibHo-KyjibTypHOM roMeocTaTkWHocTM, paB- 
HOBecHOCTM. Mowho roBopHTb KaK o nepTax 

CXOflCTBa, T3K H O pa3JlkmkHX MeWfly HMMH, 

ecxik yroflHO — o pa3Hbix oCHOBanunx ashhom 

yCTOMMHBOCTM. ClCa3alOCb J1H 3TO KaK-TO Ha 

npouecce MOflepHH3aqnn paccMaTpuBaeMbix 

o6meCTB, COnpMKOCHOBeHMD MX C BHetUHMM 

wnpoM, Tev 60/iee mo xapaKTep Tanoro co- 

npHKOCHOBeHMS 6bl/l pa3JlMHHblM? 

JI. AnaeB: CyflbSbi Khtsh h Hhahh ro 

XIX B. SblJIH H pa3JIHHHbI, H B HeM-TO 06- 
IUH. MOJKHO n03T0My CnOpHTb H U.HBHJIH- 
3aU,H0HHbIX OTJIHHHHX, H Cf)yHflaMeHTajIb- 

hom cxoflCTBe. Hto we KacaeTCa HOBoro h 
HOBeftmero BpeiweHH, to pa3JiHHHH b hx 
cyflb6ax npocTynaioT HBCTBeHHee. KHTafi 
coxpaHHJi He3aBHCHM0CTb, a HHRHH Majia 

KOJIOHHeft. 

Hcho, hto nyTH flByx CTpaH aojijkhh 

OblJIH pa30fiTHCb. 

BjIHHHHe AHrjIHH H3 p33BHTHe Hh^hh 

Gbijio SojiBUiHM. Ho KOJioHHajibHbifi nepn- 
0^ ^eiwoHCTpHpyeT TaK«e, hto rocyflapcT- 

BO, B TOM HHCJie KOJlOHHajIbHOe, He BCeCHJIb- 

ho. KojioHHajibHafl M0flepHH3ai;Hfl 6ojiee 
paflHKajibHa no pnfly HanpaBJiemiH, Heiw 
nojiyKOjioHHajibHaa, ho h 6ojiee noBepxHO- 
CTHa b anaHe bjihhhhh Ha iwaccOBOe co3Ha- 
Hne. 

npeffifle Bcero «boctohhoc» (hjih ipeo- 
flajibHOe) rocyflapcTBO 6buio 3aivieHeH0 cob- 
peivieHHbiM. H, KOHeHHO, He xony CKa3aTb, 
hto b Hhhhio b KOHu,e XVIII — Hanajie 
XIX b. 6buia HMnopTHpoBaHa aHrjiHHCKaa 
nojiHTHHecKan CHcreiwa Toro >ue BpeiweHH. 
HHOrfla cpaBHHBaiOT KOJioHHajibHoe rocy- 



* IIpoflo^JKeHHe. Hanajio cm. b «M3 h MO», 
Jfe 4, 1988. 



flapCTBO C a6C0JlH)THCTCKHM, H B 9T0M eCTb 

pe30H, TaK Kan coinrajibHoft onopofi Ha nep- 
bom sTane BbicTynaiOT jipa iweCTiibix 3kc- 
njiyaTaTopcKHX KJiacca — (peojjajibHbifi h 
npo6ypjKya3Hbifi sjieMeHTW, a npaBHTenb- 

CTBO CTpeiWHTCH K 3K0H0MHHeCK0My pa3BH- 

thh) (b qeJiflx o6orameHHfl HH03eMHofi 6yp- 
mya3HK — ho sTO yHce flpyroii Bonpoc). 

TocyflapcTBO CTajio HOBbiiw ywe noTOMy, 
hto BBejio peryjiHpHyio aRMHHHCTpaTHBHyio 

CHCTeMy, COBpeMeHHbie HHCTHTyTbl KOHTpo- 

jih h noflaBJieHHH, cyfleGHyio CHCTeiwy. 
KoflH$Hi;HpoBajio npaBO, peiiiHTejibHO nofla- 

BHJIO ^eOflajIbHylO BOJIbHHI^y H npHBblHHOe 

6e33aK0HHe, BbicuiHe amejiOHW BJiacTH, 
npeflCTaBJieHHbie aHrjiHHaHaMH, 6mjih non- 
th coBepmeHHO He no^BepiKeHbi Koppyn- 
i^hh. Pax Britanica — BnojiHe onpefleJieHHoe 
h npH3HaBaeiwoe BceiwH noHHTHe. 

TocyflapcTBO CKopo yTpaTHJio «boctoh- 
Hbift» xapaKTep b eme oflHOM oTHomeHHH — 
oho nepecTajio 6biTb rjiaBHMM aKcnjiyaTa- 

TOPOM. HcnOKOH BeKOB H3H60Jiee COJIHfl- 
HblM HCTOHHHKOM flOXOfla B HHflHH CHHTa- 

jiocb npaBO Ha c6op 3eMeJibHOro HaJiora, 

KOTOpblH 6bIJI He06bI1H0 BblCOK flawe flJIH 

BocTOKa (ro V4 BajiOBoro cenbCK0X03flftcT- 
BeHHoro npoflyKTa). B TeneHHe XIX b. b 
pe3yjibTaTe BBe/;eHHH aHrjiHHaHaMH hobhx 
3eMejibHO-HajiorOBbix chctcm Hajior CTaji 

OTHOCHTejIbHO SblCTpO nOHHIKaTbCH H K KOH- 

i;y KOJiOHHajibHoro nepHOfla ynan pp 1% 

B3JI0B0H CTOHMOCTH C06p3HHOrO ypOHiafl. 

OflHaKO nocTeneHHOe (J^KTHnecKoe yn- 
pa3flHeHHe rocyflapcTBeHHo-^eoflajibHOft 
3KcnjiyaTai;HH OTKpMBano b to me BpeMH 

IIPOCTOP flJIH pa3BHTHH npewHHx (c iwoeft 
TOHKH 3peHHH — TOJKe (peoflaJIbHblX) OTHO- 

raeHHH Ha ypoBHe o6mHHbi. Kohchho, npo- 

HCXOflHJia T0BapH3ai;HH X03flHCTBa, RH4)4> e - 

peHi<HaiiHH h pa3opeHHe 3eMjieBJiaflejibu,eB, 
pocjia HHCJieHHocTt jihi^ HaeiwHoro Tpyfla b 
cejibCKOM xo3HftCTBe. OflHaKO nocjieflHHe 
pa6oTM noKasajiH, hto MacuiTa6bi sthx 
npoqeccoB npeiKfle chjibho npeyBejiHHHea- 
jiHCb. IIpeyBejiHHeHHe 9To mojkho oe-bac- 
HHTb, noMHiwo wejiaHHH HCCJieflOBaTejieH 1 
BMHBHTb «nporpeco, eme h Teivi, hto 3a 
pe3yjibTaT ^po^ecca npHHHMajiH era ncxofl- 
Hyio TOHKy. B oSmewi, cKa3ajiacb cjiaOan 



88 



H3yieHH0CTb TpaflHIJHOHHOrO COUHaJIbHO- 
3KOHOMHHeCKOrO CTPOH. 

fleJIO B TOM, HTO flJlfl HHflHH C flpeBHO- 
CTH XapaKT€pHbI 3Ha>iHTejIbHafl KOHI^eHTpa- 

uhh 3eMjiH (HacjieflCTBeHHbix npaB Ha nojib- 
30BaHHe eio npn yanoBHH ynJiaTbi Hajiora) 
b pyKax nacT, cocTaBJiHiom,HX 20 — 30% 
HacejieHHfl, HaJiHHne pa3BHToft apeHnw, a 
TaKJKe 6e33eiweJibHoro HacejieHHH b flepeB- 

HHX — flO 30% HX HiHTeJiefl. BHyTPHOfimHH- 

Han SKcnjiyaTai^Hfl, ocBoSoHtfleHHafl ot rae- 
Ta cfiopmHKOB HajioroB, pacuBejia b CTpaHe 
nwiuHbiM ijBeTOM, h, HaHHHafl c 1859 r., 
BnJiOTb pp npeAOCTaBJieHHH eft He3aBHCH- 
mocth, aHrjiHiaHe H3flaBajiH 3aKOHbi, npH- 
3BaHHbie 3amHTHTb apeHflaTopoB ot pocTa 
peHTbi b nojib3y flepeeeHCKHX 3eiwjieBjia- 
flejibijeB. 

B. Xopoc: klHa^e roBOpn, npouecc MOflep- 
HM3aMMM me/i npOTMBopeMMBO. fleMOHTaw tpe- 

Ofla/lbHOM CMCTeMbl MOr He TOJlbKO He CIBblBO- 

flMTbn Ha 6yp>xya3Hbie oTHonieHmi, ho p,ame 

CTMMyjlMpOBaTb OKMBMeHHe TpaflkUHOHHblX, 

apxakmecKktx, KacroBbix cTpyKTyp. 

JI„ AjiaeB: IlojKajiyB. H He 6y^y noju>o6- 

HO OIIHCblBaTb npOI^eCC B3aHMOflefiCTBHH 

arpapHbix 3aKOHOB h arpapHoro CTpon — 

HTO H KaK nOJIb30Baj!Cfl B03MOJKHOCTflMH, 

npeflocTaBJineMbiMH apeH^HbiM h flpyrniw 

3aK0H0fl,aTeJlbCTB0M. ^OCTaTOHHO OTMeTHTb, 

hto b peayjibTaTe Bcex 3thx iwep, BKJUOHan 
arpapHyio petpopMy 1950-x roflOB («oTiwe- 

Hy 3aMHHflapH>), MOHOnOJIHH pafla BblCUIHX 

h cpeflHHX KacT Ha 3eiwJieBJiafleHHe, couh- 

ajlbHOe flOMHHHpOBaHHe H noJIHTHHeCKyM 

BJiacTb b cejibCKOft iwecxHocTH flawe ynpe- 
najiacb. CoxpaHeHne MeHucacTOBbix otho- 
ineHHH rocnoflCTBa — nofliHHeHHH b ^epeB- 
ne — 3to rjiaBHbift 6a3HC Bee eme cymecT- 

ByiOIUHX TpaflHUHOHHblX OTHOUieHHft H Tpa- 
flHI^HOHHOrO C03HaHHH B CTpaHe. 

HecicojibKo cjiob 06 arpapHoft pe<popMe 
50-x rOflOB. Han6ojiee 3Ha>iHTejibHbie H3iwe- 
HeHHH npaBa co6ctbchhocth npeTepnejiH b 
BoCTO«niofi Hh^hh — b BeHrajiHH, Bnxape, 
OpHece. B 3anaflHbix pafioHax, no cyTH pp- 
jia, npewHHe 3aiwnHflapbi («3eMJieBJiafl,ejib- 
um») 6buiH nepeHMeHOBaHbi b KHcaHOB 
(«KpecTbHH»). lOr CTpaHbi pecpopiwa noira 
He 3aTpoHyjia, Ta« Kan Taivr He 6mjio 3a- 

MHHflapOB. H BOT OKa3bIBaeTCH, hto Taiw, 
Tfle H3MeHeHHft B OTHOUieHHHX C06CTBeHH0- 
CTH He npOH30HIJIO, KanHTaJlH3M pa3BHBaeT- 
ch ycneuiHee h npouBeTaeT «3ejieHafl pe- 
BOJiroi^HH», a rfle- peHTonojiyqaiejiH GbiJiH 

JIHKBHflHpOBaHbl, TaiW CeJIbCKOe X03flftCTB0 

ocTajiocb OTCTajibiiw. 3to em,e oflHH npnMep 

TOrO, "iTO fleJIO He B OTHOUieHHHX CoCCTBeH- 
HOCTH. a B OpraHH3auHH X03flftCTBa. PaftoH 

IleHSHca6a, XapnaHbi h 3anaflHoro YTTap- 
npafleuia — , 9To paftoH, rfle H3flaBHa co6ct- 

BeHHHK X03HHCTBOBajI Ha 3CMJ16, a UeHT- 
paJIbHafl H BOCTOHHaH laCTb flOJIHHbl TaH- 

ra — pafioH, r^e co6cTBeHHHK, ^ame iweji- 
KHft, Ha 3eauie He paGoTaji. 

Eme OflHo BaHtHoe HanpaBJieHHe MOflep- 
HH3aijHH — fleM0KpaxH3aiiHH co3naHHH, no 
KpafiHeft iwepe sjihtw. Ceftnac, niua o6-bH- 

flCHeHHH TOMy, ITO B HHflHH B OTJIHHHe OT 

MHornx flpyrax ocboCoahbihuxch rocy- 
flapcTB ycneuiHo 4>yHKi^HOHHpyeT fleiwoKpa- 
THiecKaa CHCTeMa, HepeflKo h 3anaflHbie, h 



coBeTCKne no^HTojiorH ccw^aioTCH Ha 6pn- 

TaHCKHC pe4)OpMbI, BBOflHBUIHe b CTpaHe 

3anaTKH npeflCTaBHTeJibHoro npaBJieHHfl 
(petpopMbi 1909, 1919 h 1935 rr.). Bjihh- 
HHe iweTponojiHH b i^ejioiw Ha ycBoeHHe 6mb- 

Uieft KOJIOHHeft «BeCTMHHCTepCKOfi MOfleJlH» 
Bpflfl JIH CTOHT OTpHUaTb, XOTH 3TOro BJIHfl- 
HHH H HeflOCTaTOHHO, HTOCbl o6"bflCHHTb Clie- 

i;H(pHKy HHflHHCKoro nojiHTH^ecKoro CTpOH. 

^OCTaTOHHO ynOMHHyTb, 1TO IlaKHCTaH, 

BaHr^aneui, BHpMa hmcjih npHiwepHo Ta- 
Koe we HHCTHTyi;HOHaJibHoe HacjieflCTBo, 
no^yneHHoe ot KOJioHH3aTopoB, ito h Hh- 
flHH, oflHaKo He cyiwejiH ero coxpaHHTb. 

BpHTaHCKoe BJiHHHne, KOHeiHo Hte. Ha- 
jihi;o, ho oho Bbipaanjiocb, no Moeiwy 
MHeHHio, He CToJibKo b BepxyiueiHbix pe- 
cpopiwax (c bh6opob 1937 r. mojkho CKOJib- 

KO-HH6yflb Cepbe3H0 TOBOpHTb o «npHBHKa- 
HHH> HHflHHCKOrO H36HpaTe^H k npeflCTa- 
BHTeJIbHOft CHCTeMe), CKOJIbKO B CCpopMHpO- 

BaHHH cpaBHHTejibHo cBoCoflHoft npeccbi, B 
tom iHCJie Ha MecTHbix H3bmax, oBmefi ax- 
Moctpepbi 6opb6bi MHeHHft no noBOfly Meji- 

KHX H KpynHblX BHyTpunOJIHTHieCKHX BO- 
npoCOB, B B03MOHCHOCTH CymeCTBOBaHHfl 

HHflHficKoro HauHOHajibHoro KOHrpecca — 
CHanajia npocTo eHteroflHbix cbe3fl,0B hh- 
flHftcKHx HHTeJuieKTyajioB, a noTOM nojin- 
THiecKoft napTHH, HanCoJiee BaiKHoft (pyHK- 
i;Heft HOTopofi cjiyiKHJiH Te me eHteroflHbie 
Cbe3flbi. Pojib napjiaMeHTa, TpeHawepa 
napjiaMeHTapH3Ma c 1885 no 1937 r. Hrpa- 
jih He MapHOHeToiHbie coBBTbi npH rene- 
paji-ry6epHaTope h ryGepHaTopax, a 3aTeM, 
c 1919 r. — fiecnpaBHoe 3aKOHOflaTejibHoe 
co6paHHe, ho caMH 3aceflaHHH KoHrpecca, 
hx opraHH3ai;HH h npoBefleHHe. 

B. Xopoc: To ecTb MOflepHM3aunj) noHa^a/iy 
6bina mhcto Be.pxyLue^HOM, 3/iMTapHofi. 

JI. AjiaeB: fla, h sto npoHBHJiocb Tanme 
b tom, hto flOBOJibHo pa3BnTbie, nepeflOBbie 

MHpOBOSSpeHHeCKHe CHCTeMbI IIOHBHJlHCb B 

Hhahh ropa3flo paHbine, ieM Morjin 6biTb 
ycBoeHw. A npoi^ecc ycBoeHHH conpoBow- 

flajICfl BblXOJiamHBaHHeM H3 3THX CHCTeM 

paflHKajibHoro coflepwaHHA. HccJieflOBaTejiH 
ywe noKa3ajiH, hto pejiHrH03Haa pe4)opMa- 
i;hh b HHflyH3Me «pa3BHBajiacb» ot Cojiee 
paflHKajibHbix ko Bee Gojiee yMepeHHMM 
B3rjiflflaM. CeKyjiHPHbift hhahhckhh h3i;ho- 
Ha^H3M noCTeneHHo CTaji npHo6peTaTb bo 
B3rjiHflax BajiraHraflxapa THJiana h Moxan- 
flaca KapaMnaHfla TaHflH peJiHrno3Hyio 
oKpacKy, h 3T07 npoi^ecc eme npoflOJi- 
jKaeTCH. 
Tan »<e «HacaiKHBaioTCH» Ha TpaflH^H- 

OHHblft HHflHftCKHft COU,HajIbHblfi CTpoft 
4>0pMbI KanHTaJIHCTHHeCKOrO pa3BHTHH 

(co3flaHHe «KanHTajiHCTHiecKHX mohoiio- 
^hh» Ha 6a3e ceMeftcTB h pejiHrH03Hbix 
o6ii;hh) h (p°pMbi nojiHTHiecKoro pa3BH- 

THJI. HMnopTHpOBaHHaH «BeCTMHHCTepCKafl 

CHCTeMa» c 1937 r. CTajia 3bojiwi;hohhpo- 
BaTb b CTopoHy npH6jiHffieHHH h npHcno- 

COfijieHHfl K HaJlHHHOMy ypOBHK) C03HaKHH 
H TpaflHHHOHHblM 4>OpMaM CaMOHfleHTH$ H " 

KaitHH. CoiiHajibHbie o6mHocTn, nocTpoeH- 

Hbie Ha BepTHKajIbHblX OTHOUieHHHX naT- 
POH — KJIHeHT, CpaKU,HH, KaK HX Ha3blBaK)T 
B HHflHH, CTaJIH KHpnHIHKaMH, H3 KOTOpblX 

CKjiaflbiBaMTCH naTpoHaTbi 6ojiee BbicoKoro 



89 



nopflflKa h b HOHeiHOM cieTe nojimiraecKHe 
napTHH. Bopb6a 3a HHTepecw (paKn,HH h 
naTpoHaTOB JiemHT b ocHOBe hx nojiHTHie- 
cKoro noBefleHHH, C01030B h pacKOjioB. 
HfleojiorHHecHHe Ji03yHrH HrpaiOT Bee 60- 
jiee cHMBOJiHHecHyio pojib, nero-TO Bpofle 
napojiH, iwaHTp (3aKjiHHaHHfi), no kotopmm 
y3HaiOT cbohx: coflepmaHHe me hx larro 

OTXOflHT Ha 3aflHHH njiaH. B HHflHH nOfl- 

cnyflHo, a HHorfla Becbiwa abho h 6ypHO 
npoTenaiOT STHHiecHHe npou,eccbi, KOTopwe 
b CBoe BpeMfl yflepfflHBaJiHCb Ha ypoBHe, 
xapaKTepHOM eiu,e fljifl cpeflHHX BeKOB. 

B. Xopoc: Mine Kaweicn, JlecHHA Bopuco- 
bmm, Bam aHa/iM3 MOflepHM3auMM b Mhahh 
y6eflHTenbHo noflTBepx<flaeT 3aKOHOMepHOCTb, 
Ha6iiioflaBUjyiocn m b flpyrux pa3BMBaioiHMxcH 
CTpaHax: npOABM>KeHne no nyTM coLiuaiibHoro 
nporpecca ycneuiHee Bcero MfleT tsm, rfle 
oho «noca>KeHo» Ha Hau6onee cfsyHflaMeH- 
Ta/ibHbie ijeHHOCTH m MHCTHTyTw flo6yp>Kya3- 
hom, AOKOnOHnajibHofi KyxibTypbi. 3to Bbirnn- 
flHT napafloKCOM, ho Ha cawoM aerie BnojiHe 

eCTeCTBeHHO HMKaKOM npOL^eCC pa3BMTmi HC 

roHfleT nepes cjiom HaLiuOHajibHOM KyiibTypbi 
(t6m 60 nee TbicwMeneTHefl i4MBmiM3ai4HHl). Ha- 

npOTMB, OH 6yfleT B03MO>KHb1M TOJlbKO TOrAa, 

Korfla k HeMy 6yflyr «Bcepbe3» noflKJihOMeHbi 
TpaflHLiMOHHbie crpyKTypbi co3HaHMn n noBe- 
fleHMn. 3aMMCTByeMbie n3BHe sneweHTbi (ne- 
MOKpaTHtiecKkie nflen, napnaweHTCKne mhcth- 
TyTbi, npHHi^kinbi x03HMCTBOBaHHn y t. fl.) flon- 
MHbi 6bUb npncnoco6neHbi k enow new hm en 
KynbTypHbiM HopMaM, HHane ohm npocTo He 
6yflyT pa6oTaTb. Kskhm we o6pa30M, JleoHMfl 
CepreeBMM, 3tot cnHTe3 Tpaflni^noHHoro m co- 
epeMeHHoro npoMCxoAHT b Kiuae? 

Jl. BacHJibeB: npemfle neiw nepefi™ He- 
nocpeflCTBeHHO k KHTaio, pa3peuiHTe bm- 

CKa3aTb HeCKOJIbKO O0IU.HX cooSpaHteHHH. 
HeeBponeftcHHH mhp b snoxy K0Ji0HHajiH3- 

Ma fibljl BTHHyT B MHpOBOH pblHOK H CTaJI 

noflBepraibCH KanHTajiHCTHiecKoft MOflep- 

HH3aH.HH — He3aBHCHMO OT TOTO, CTajia Ta 
HJIH HHaH CTpaHa, KaK HHflHfl, KOJlOHHefi 

hjih ocxajiacb, nofloSHO KHTaio, He3aBHCn- 
Mofi flepmaBoft. 3flecb oneHb BaiKHO bh- 
HBHTb h nofliepKHyxb reHepajibHyio 3ano- 

HOMepHOCTb, BHeiUHe BbipaHteHHyiO B BHfle 
HeCKOJIbKO HeOJKHflaHHOft flHHaMHKH nOJIH- 
THieCKOft n03HllHH pa3BHBaK)m.HXCfl CTpaH. 
CyTb 9T0H flHHaMHKH CBOflHTCH K TOMy, HTO, 
CTOJIKHyBtUHCb HenOCpeflCTBeHHO C nOJIHTH- 

necKOH 3KCnaHCHefl KannTajia b XIX b. (flo 
Toro K0Ji0HHajiH3M Hiweji npeHiwymecTBeHHO 
ToprOBbift xapaKTep h, 3a HeMHorHMH hc- 
KjiiOHeHJWiMH, He npoHBJiflJi cefifl b ^opiwe 

nOJIHTHHeCKHX BTOpiKeHHH, XOTH H BMeiUH- 

BajiCH bo BHyTpeHHHe flejia pnfla CTpaH, a 
nopofi h co3flaBan b hhx cboh iuiaiyjapMbi), 

CTpaHbl BoCTOKa, BKJIIOHaH H A4>PHKy (3T0 
He KaCaeTCH JIHUJb JlaTHHCKOft AiwepHKH 
BBHfly yCJIOBHH ee K0JI0HH3aHHH), OTHeTJIHBO 
0C03HaBajlH CBOK) OTCTaJlOCTb H npHHHJKeH- 

HOCTb no cpaBHeHHio c eBponeftCKOfi npo- 
MbimjieHHOCTbio, Haynoft, KyjibTypofl h bo- 
o6me c i^HBHjiH3auHefi 3anafla. 

ITpeflCTaBHTejiH 3thx CTpaH, BHanajie 
jiHinb HeMHorne, npHHaflJiemaBiiiHe npeHiwy- 
mecTBeHHO k npaBHmeft ajiHTe, CTajiH aK- 
thbho h SHeprnHHO nepeHHiwaxb 3anaflHbie 
i^eHHOCTH h ycBaHBaTb ajieivieHTbi eBponeft- 



CKOft UHBHJIH3aUHH, HBHO CTaBH HX BblUie 

co6cTBeHHbix. Bojiee toro, nojiHTHiecKne 
pecpopiwbi h flame iwaccoBbie RBumemin 
XIX b. b 6ojibtUHHCTBe cjiyiaeB hochjih 

MOflepHH3aTOpCKHH XapaKTep H CTaBHJIH 

UeJibio BbipBaTb xy hjih HHyio cxpaHy H3 
nyT OTCTajiocTH h Teiw noiwonb eft cpaB- 
HHTbCH b (popiwax h ypoBHe CymeCTBOBaHHH 
co Bee Teiw me 3anaflOM. 3to xopomo bha- 
ho Ha npHiuepe Hhahh hjih HpaHa. OTeHb 
3aiweTH0 b KnTae (TaftnHHbi, nojiHTHKa «ca- 
MoycHjieHH«») **. CBoero nHKa bth npo- 
ijeccbi flocTHrjiH b Haiajie XX b., b snoxy 
Tan Ha3biBaeMoro «npo6yHtfleHHH A3hh»-, 
anoxy peBOjnoiiHH h nonbiTOK C03flaHHH fle- 

MOKpaTHHeCKHX pecnyfijIHK H HOHCTHTyi^H- 

ohhhx CHCTeiw no 3anaflH0My o6pa3iiy. 

KaK H3B6CTH0, H3 3THX nOnblTOK MaJIO 

ito BbiuiJio — pe*ib HfleT He <p°P Me . a o 
cyTH. CjiOMHTb h npeo6pa30BaTb TpaflHi^H- 
OHHbie BOCTOHHbie cxpyKTypbi OKa3aJiocb 
flejiOM HejierKHM — TeM fiojiee, hto b kph- 
THHecKHH MoiweHT ohh 0Ka3ajiHCb cnocoS- 

HblMH M06HJIH30BaTb fljlfl CBOerO C3M0C0Xpa- 
HeHHfl TaKHe CHJIbI, CnpaBHTbCH C KOTOpbl- 

mh 6wjio flajieKO He npocTO. MorymecTBO 

ynoMHHyTbix CHJl, KaK H HX HCTOKH, HaftTH 
HeCJIOffiHO: CBOHMH KOPHHMH OHH yXOflHT B 

rjiyfiHHbi HCTopHH, MHoroBeKOByw TOJimy 

KyjIbTypHOft TpaflHIJHH. OTCIOfla H flBHJHe- 

hhh THna naHHCJiaMH3iwa b MycyjibiwaHCKOM 

MHpe, JI03yHrH B03BpameHHH K BeflHHe- 

ckhm HfleHM b HHflHH h HeyMHpaiomee 
BjiHHHHe KOH^yUHaHCTBa b KHTae. B cepe- 
flHHe XX B. BCe 3TH h aHajiorHHHwe HM 
HfleH H JI03yHrH 3HaHHTejIbH0 OKpenjIH H B 

ycjiOBHHX KpyineHHH KojiOHHaJiH3Ma oCpejiH 

HOByK) CHJiy. KOJIOHHajlbHblfl KanHTajlHCTH- 

necKHft 3anafl OTCTynnji h k TOiwy me bo 
MHornx OTHOiueHHHx npoHBHJi cboio Heco- 

CTOHTejIbHOCTb. 

Co3flajiacb npHHrtHnnajibHO HOBan CHTya- 
UHfl, BbiflBHBiiiafl KaK CHJiy eBponeftcKoft 

HayKH, TeXHHKH, UHBHJIH3aU,HH (BCe paBHO 

ee He npeB30HTH, flame cpaBHHTbCH c Heft 

npaHTH'ieCKH HeBO3M0)KHO — fla H HyHtHO 
JIH?), TaK H CJia60CTH 3T0ft U,HBHJlH3aU,HH 
(HHflHBHflyaJIHCTHHHOCTb, 6e3flyXOBHOCTb, 

noroHfl 3a MaTepHajibHMM ycnexoM Ha $0- 
He KpymeHHH iwopajibHbix npHHi^nnoB, ot- 
nyfflfleHHe HejioseKa h t. fl. h t. n.). Bee 
3to, fla h MHoroe flpyroe, Bbi3Bajio b pa3- 
BHBaiomeMCfl MHpe nepeoueHKy ueHHOCTefl, 

BejlHHHH B03BpaT K HCTOKaM, CMeHy OpHeH- 

thpob — cjiobom, to, ito b ero Han6ojiee 
nocjieflOBaTejibHoft (popine npHHHjio o6jihk 
4>yHflaMeHTajiH3Ma. 3to h ecTb Ta reHe- 
pajibHan 3aK0H0iwepH0CTb, Ta BceoSman ah- 
HaMHKa, Ha (pone KOTopoft Hanfiojiee BbinyK- 
jio npeflCTaiOT co6hthh b CTpanax BocTOKa 
3a nocjieflHne cto — nojiTopacTa jieT. 

B. Xopoc: M b coBpeweHHOM KnTae rowe! 

JI. BacmibeB: MoweT Chtb, flame b oco- 

GeHHOCTH. KHTafi H3flpeBJie CJiaBHTCfl BHCO- 



** MMeeTCH b BHfly nojwTHKa neHTpajiH30^ 
BaHHOro rocyflapcTBeHHOro (Ka3eHHoro) cTpo- 

HTeJIbCTBa npOMbllllJieHHblX H OCOSeHHO BO- 

eHHHx oSieKTOB (3aB0fl0B, apceHajios, Bep- 
4>eH h t. n.) b KHTae bo BTOpofl nojiOBHHe 
XIX b — Pea. 



90 



KOH KyjIbTypOH. flHCUHnjIHHOH, opraHH30- 

BaHHOCTbK) h opraHH3auHeft Tpyfla. Mhji- 

JlHOHbl, COTHH MHJIJIHOHOB HeyTOMHMblX 

TpysKeHHKOB nofl 6flHTejibHbiM ohom rocy- 
flapcTBa h ero npeflCTaBHTejien BenaiviH co3- 
flaBanH MaTepnaJibHbie ii,eHHOcTH, Heiwanas 
flojifl KOTOpbix iiuia Ha ue™ npecTHHtHoro 
noTpegjieHMjj BepxoB, a TaKHte co3flaHHe Be- 
jiHqecTBeHHbix naMHTHHKOB h npocjiaBJieH- 
Hbix raraHTCKHx coopyiKeHHH — ot BenHKOfi 

CTeHbl flO flBOpiJ,OBO-xpaMOBbIX KOMIUieKCOB. 

Heiwajio bbkob, flame TbiCHHejieTHft HacqH- 
TbreaeT h hctophh HacTHonpeflnpHHHMa- 
TejibCKoii fleHTejibHocTH, b cipepe kotopoh 
KHTaHi;bi TaKHte Becbiwa npeycneJiH. Xoth b 
npeflejiax ueHTpajiH30BaHHoft HiwnepHH ohh 
HHKorfla He hmcjih flOCTaTO^Horo npodopa 

H HeOgXOflHMblX B03MOHCHOCTefi, BKJIK>"3aH 

ycjiOBHH h rapaHTHH ajih ycnexa: rocyflap- 

CTBO BCerfla flOMHHHpOBajIO Hafl qaCTHHKOM. 

TojibKo BHe Kutan 9MHrpaHTbi-xyaii,HO 

CMOrjIH npOfleMOHCTpHpOBaTb HCTHHHbie 

B03M07KHOCTH h ycnexH b HacraonpeflnpH- 

HHMaTejIbCHOH fleHTCJIbHOCTH . 

BHyTpeHHMX HOTeHLlMH flJIH pa3BHTHH 

KanHTajiH3Ma — peqb He 06 OTflejibHbix 
sjieiweHTax TOBapHO-fleHentHbix OTHomeHHH 
h ToproBO-peMecjieHHoro npoH3BOflCTBa, fla- 
me He o npeflnpHHHMaTejibCTBe, ho HiweHHO 
o KanHTajiH3Me, 06 o6mecTBe, ocHOBaHHOM 
Ha rocnoflCTBe qacTHOft coBctbbhhocth c 
oBcjiyiKHBaiomHM ee HHTepecbi rocyflaper- 
bom — b KMTae, Kan h Ha Bceivr BocTOKe. 
bo Bcem HeeBponeftCKoM MHpe, He 6biJio. 
OflHaKo onpeflejieHHbie npeflnocbuiKH HaJiM- 
qecTBOBajiH, npH"3eivi flonasaTejibCTBOM oto- 
ro MOJKeT cjiyjKHTb pa3BHBaBUiaHCH npe- 
HiwymecTBeHHO b pycjie HHTaftCKO-KOH(py- 

I(HaHCKOH TpaflHUHH fllTOHHH, O KOTOpOH 

peqb BnepeflH. 

B. Xopoc: Ho Bce-TaKM ochobhom HMnynbc 
MOflepHM3aLikM wen M3BHe. 

JI. BacHJiteB: Be3ycjiOBHO. C BHemHHM 
mhpom, To^Hee, c 3anaflOM, KHTaftcKafl hm- 
nepHH conpHKOCHyjiacb em.e b XVI b. 

IlpOHHKHIHe B CTpaHy MHCCHOHepbI-He3yHTbI 

npHHecjiH c co6oh Heiwajiyro tojihky eBpo- 
neflcKoft MaTepHajibHofi KyjibTypbi — ot 
orHecTpejibHoro opywHH sanaflnoro ™na flo 
qacoB h aCTpoHOMH^ecKHX npHSopoB, He 
roBopn ywe o xpHCTHaHCKHX Hflenx, He na- 
mefliiiHX, BnponeM, 6JiaroflaTHoft noqBbi ajih 
mnpoKoro pacupocTpaHeHHH. Ilo3}Ke KHTaft 

6bIJl HaflOJirO 3aKpbIT OT BHeiHHHX BJIHHHHH. 

TonbKO b pe3yjibTaTe neiajibHo H3BecTHbix 
onHyMHbix bohh b cepeflHHe XIX b. oh own 

OTKpbIT flJIH KOJIOHHaJIbHOH TOprOBJIH, a 3a- 
TeiH H flJIH BHeprH^HOrO IipOHHHHOBeHHH 

HHOCTpaHHoro KanHTajia. Co6ctb6hho tobo- 
pfl, c sToro h Ha^ajiacb 3noxa Kp«3Hca hm- 
nepHH, 3aBepuiHBUiaHCH b 1911 r. ee Kpy- 
meHHeM. 

Ha npoTHHteHHH flecHTHJieTHfi 3anaflHbie 
HeHHOCTH, xoth h BCTpeua™ nopofi oTqa- 
HHHoe conpoTHBJieHHe Hapofla (flBHHteHHe 
HX3TyaHefi Ha pyBewe XIX — XX bb.), Bee 
we 3aKpenjifljiHCB b KHTae, noflpbiBan Tpa- 
AHi^HOHHbie cTpyKTypbi Kan b c4>epe sko- 
homhkh, TaK h eme 6ojiee b cipepe Hfleojio- 
thh. OKa3aBUiHCb b nojioHceHHH yHHiKeH- 
HblX — H KeM? HaKHMH-TO 3anaflHbiMH Bap- 
BapaMH, 3aMOpCKHMH flbHBOJiaMH, BJiafleB- 



1UHMH HeBeflOMOH KHTafiqaM TeXHHKOH H 

HayKoft, ho He 3HaBiHHMH HHqero b oBjiacTH 
qejiOBenecKHX OTHomeHHfi, Hopiw noBefle- 
hhh, HHTaftCKoro uepeiwoHHaJia (kto me ohh 
nocjie 3Toro, nan He HcajiHHe BapBapw?!), — 
npaBHTenn FIoflHe6ecHOH nonbiTajiHCb Ghjio 
HcnpaBHTb nonojKeHHe, 3aHMCTByn Koe-Ka- 
koh nyjKOH onbiT. KHTaft paitHOHajiHCTHqeH 
h BHyTpeHHe noflroTOBJieH k 3aHMCTBOBa- 
hhk) nojie3Horo onbiTa (CHOBa ctoht Hano- 

MHHTb O ilnOHHH). Ho eMy npH STOIVI CHJIb- 

ho iwemajiH TbicnqefleTHHe aiviBHqHH, Heno- 

MepHaH TOPflblHH, HyBCTBO coScTBeHHoro 

npeBOcxoflcTBa h, HaKOHeu,, HtecTKOCTb 
CTpyKTypbi, HenoBopcrrjiHBocTb Momnofi ro- 
cyflapcTBeHHofi MauiHHbi c ee qHHOBHHqecT- 
bom, BoenHTaHHHM Ha TpaflHitKHX h npeBbi- 
me Bcero i;eHHBUiHM npoimioe. 

H bot pyxHyjia HMnepHH. B crpaHe — 
peBOJiioitHH. CyHb flTceH h ero napTHH To- 
MHHbflaH co3flajiH pecny6jiHHy. Ka3ajiocb 

6bl, BOT OHO, BpeMH flJIH IUIOflOTBopHOrO, 
aKTHBHOrO H 6bICTpOrO 3aHMCTBOBaHHH, Ha- 
pamHBaHHH TeMnOB pa3BHTHH, flJIH MOflep- 
HH3aUHH CTpaHbl H pa3BHTH« B Heft HaHH- 

TanH3iwa. Ho He TyT-TO Skjio! PeBOJiK)i;HO- 
Hepw bo rjiaBe c CyHb fltceHOM He 

CTpeMHJIHCb HH K aKTHBHOMy 3aHMCTBOBa- 

hhk) 3anaflHbix CTaHflapTOB. hh k SbicTpoiwy 
pa3BHTHro KanHTajiH3Ma no eBponeftCKOMy 
o6pa3uy. Ecjih BHHMaTejibHo B3rjiHHyTb Ha 
hx jiosyHrH (tph npHHqHna) h Teiw Sojiee 
Ha npaKTHqecKyio fleHTejibHOCtb ToMHHb- 
flaHa b 20 — 40-x roflax Hamero Bena, to 
jierKO 3aMeTHTb, ^to, xoth KanHTaJiH3M b 
KHTae h pa3BHBaJiCH, ero pa3BHTHe bo mho- 
roM 6hjio HHbiM, ieM Ha 3anafle. 

B. Xopoc: 3 to pa3BHTne 6bino npMHUHnn- 
a Jib ho MHbiM? B mcm we 3dKJi>OHajiocb pasJiM- 
HMe? 

JI. BacH^teB: KapflHHajibHoe pa3JiHHHe 

COCTOHJIO B TOM, qTO KanHTajIH3M HacajK- 

flaJiCH naK 6bi CBepxy, noompnjiCH rocyflap- 
ctbom, flepHtaBiiiHM b cbohx pyKax OCHOB- 
Hbie OTpacJiH xosHHCTBa CTpaHbi, KpynHefl- 
HiHe npeflnpHHTHH. 3to 6bm rocyflapcTBeH- 
Hbifi KanHTajiH3M. Ha flojiw qacTHoro npefl- 
npHHHMaTejibCTBa ocTaBajiHCb MejiHHe 
npeflnpHHTHH h BTopocTeneHHbie c^epbi 

9KOHOMHKH. B CejIbCKOM X03HHCTBe, npo- 

flOJiHtaBineM 6biTb ochoboh Hai;HOHajibHOH 

3KOHOMHKH, CymeCTBOBajIH TpaflHi;HOHHbre 

OTHomeHHH Mencfly rocyflapcTBeHHofi wa3- 
Hofl h 3eMJieBJiafleJibU.aMH. HeMHoro HOBoro 

B03HHKJIO H B OgjiaCTH COHHajlbHO-nOJIHTH- 

qecKofi, xoth BHeiime peBOJiroitHOHHbie H3- 
MeHeHHH 6wjih HajiHito. CymecTBOBaji nap- 
jiawieHT, SbiJia npHHHTa KOHCTHTyitHH, npo- 
B03rJiameHO pa3flejieHHe BJiacTefi. Ho $aK- 
THqecKH CTpaHofi no-npeHCHeniy ynpaBJiHJiH 
Te, kto Hiweji peajibHyro BJiacTb h onHpaji- 
ch Ha Hee, npeHtfle Bcero reHepajibi-MHJiH- 
TapHCTbi co cbohmh perHOHajibHbiMH ap- 
mhhmh. ynpaBJiHJiH KaHtflbiH no-CBoewiy, HO 

B IteJIOM B COOTBeTCTBHH C MOfleJIbK), O KO- 
TOPOH H TOJIbKO HTO ynOMHHajI H KOTOpaH 

reHeTH^ecKH 6bma Tecno CBH3aHa c TpaflH- 
i;HeH. ABTOMaTHqecKH cpaGaTbmaji BenaMH 

OTJiaJKeHHblft H MOU4Hblft COIlHajIbHblH reHO- 

THn. JJ,ame KOH4)yHHaHCTBO, He npH3HaHHoe 
napjiawieHTOM b naqecTBe otpHHHajibHofi 

flOKTpHHbl, npOflOJIHtajIO He TOJIbKO OKa3bI- 



91 



Barb BJiHflHHe Ha JiwfleH, hx co3HaHHe h 
noBefleHHe, ho h 3aflaBaTb toh b jkh3Hh 
o6mecTBa h rocyflapcTBa. 

CymecTBeHHO jih H3MeHHJiocb nojioHte- 

HHe C npHXOflOM K BJiaCTH KOMMyHHCTOB? 
IlpHHHTO CHHTaTb, HTO fla. fleHCTBHTejlbHO, 

npw Mao U33flyHe b KHTae MHoroe H3jaeHH- 
Jiocb, npHHeM BecbMa paflHKajibHO. ripens- 
fle Bcero nepeMenbi 3aTpOHyjiH cou.HaJibHyio 
CTpyKTypy. OcfwijHajibHO 6buiH OTOponieHM 
He TOJibKO KOH$yunaHCTBO, ho h 6ypHtya3- 

Hbie HfleOJIOrHHeCKHe flOKTPHHbl. BblJia JIHK- 
BHflHpOBaHa HaCTHaH COOCTBeHHOCTb, 3KOHO- 

MHKa CTpaHbi nocTaBJieHa nofl KOHTpojib ro- 
cyflapcTBa, CHcreMa ynpaBJieHHH KOTopbiM 
peopraHH30BbiBajiacb bo mhotom no coBeT- 
CKofi MOflejiH. CHOBa Morjio noKa3aTbc« (h 
flOJiroe BpeMH fleficTBHTejibHO Ka3ajioCb!), 
«ito KHTafl peniHTeJibHo nopBaji c npomjibiM, 
hto cTpynrypa ero KapflHHaJibHO o6hobh- 

JiaCb, HTO CTpOHIUHH COHHajIH3M BOCTOH- 

Hbiii rnraHT opneHTHpoBaH b ochobhom Ha 
6yflymee h oieHb Majio cBH3aH c TpaflHHHH- 
mh o(pHU,HajibHO ocymfleHHoro h flaiKe 3a- 
KJieHMeHHoro hm npouijioro. Ho ian jih sto 
6hjio Ha caMOM flejie? 

flBHJKymeft CHJIOH KHTaHCKOH peBOjHOL(HH 

Gbuio KpecTbHHCTBO. MomHbie HapOflHbie 

flBHHteHHH flJIH KHT8H He BHOBe, B HHX OT- 

paHcajiacb 3aHHTepecoBaHHocTb KOHcepBa- 

THBHO HaCTpOeHHOrO KpeCTbHHCTBa B co- 

xpaHeHHH CTaTyc-KBO, to ecTb CBoero CTa- 
6HJibHoro h rapaHTnpoBaHHoro rocynapd- 
bom cymecTBOBaHHH. BbicTynaa HepeflKO 
nofl flaoccKO-fiyflflHHCKHMH Jio3yHraMH, npo- 

nHTaHHblMH 3raJlHTapHbIMH HfleHMH, BOC- 
CTaBUIHe KpeCTbHHe OTHWflb He CTpeMHJIHCb 

cjiOMaTb cymecTBywmyio CHCTeMy — ohh 
xoTejiH JiHiiib BOCCTaHOBHTb HapyuieHHyio 

KpH3HCHbIMH HBJieHHHMH HOpMy. TaKOH B 

npHHunne 6buia CHTyauHH b CTpaHe h b 
roflbi peBOJiioitHH. H xoth BOopyHteHHbifi 
counajiHCTHHeCKHMH HfleHMH Mao, OKa3aB- 

IlIHCb BOJKfleM peBOJIK)U.HH, BHflejI CBOK) 

uejib HMeHHO b cjioMe cymecTBywmeii ch- 
CTeMbi h b 3aMeHe ee hhoh, nocTpoeHHoii 
Ha Hanajiax 3rajiHTapn3Ma, peajiHH TpaflH- 
UHOHHoro coi^HajibHoro reHOTHna He MorjiH 
He flaTb o ceGe 3HaTb. C ocofioft oneBHflHO- 

CTbK) STO H npOHBHJIOCb B TOflbl COUHajIb- 

Hbix SKcnepHMeHTOB Mao, Korfla noflHHTafl 

HM Ha flblGbl BejIHKaH CTpaHa JIHUIHJiaCb 
npHBWHHblX <pOPM CymeCTBOBaHHH, 6yflb TO 
HHflHBHflyaJIbHOe X03HHCTB0 3eMJieflejIbUa 
HJIH XOTH H KOHTpOJIHpyeMblH, HO JKH3HeH- 
HO BaJKHblH flJIH HOpMaJIbHOrO (pyHKItfJOHH- 
pOBaHHH 3K0H0MHKH pblHOK. flOBeflH 3raJIH- 

TapncTCKHe Hflen flo aCcypfla, peBOJiiou.HOH- 

HblH 3KCTpeMH3M 3aBejI KHT3H B TynHK, Bbl- 
XOfl H3 KOTOpOrO BCeTfla OflHH — Ha3afl. 

B. Xopoc: Ho BeAfe m «KyjibTypHan peBonio- 
uysm nponcxoflMJia BnoxiHe b Ay*e KUTaficKoPi 
TpaflkHKoHHOCTM, ecjiH HMeTb b BMfly nepno- 
ftmjecKne KpecTbjiHCKne BoccTai-imi, ocBstmae- 
Mbie npuHUnnoM «CMeHbi MaHAaTa» (raMMH). 

JI. BacHjibeB: fla, ho 3th B03MymeHHH 
CHH3y o6pa3yiOT KaK 6bi oflny Hadb hcto- 
pH^ecKoro 3HT3ara, flpyrofi yacTbio KOTOpo- 
ro ABJiiieTCH BoccraHOBJieHHe HapymeHHOH 
Hopiwbi. HMeHHO TaKoe OTcrynjieHHe, to 

eCTb BOCCTaHOBJieHHe npHBblHHOH HOpMbI, 

nycfb renepb b hhom, coitHajiHCTHnecKOM. 



BapnaHTe h 03HaHajiH pe^opMbi, ocymecT- 
BJieHHbie b KnTae nocjie Mao H'CbirpaBuiHe 

OrpOMHyiO pOJIb B 06H0BJieHHH H 03flOpOB- 

jieHHH CTpaHbi. 3eMjiH CHOBa GbiJia orflaHa 
paobTawmeMy Ha Hefl KpecTbHHHHy, a to- 

BapHO-fleHeJKHbie OTHOIIieHHH, pblHOK OnflTb 
CTajIH peryjIHpOBaTb BHyTpHX03HHCTBeHHblft 

npoi;ecc, pa3yMeeTcn, npH CTporoM rocy- 
flapcTBeHHOM KOHTpojie h coxpaHeHHH b py- 
Kax rocyflapcTBa KJiioyeBbix SKOHOMHiecKHX 
no3Hi;HH, yTo Bcerfla Gbuio hopmoh ajih kh- 
TaHCKoro o6mecTBa. Kohchho, rocynapcTBO 
Tenepb yine He to, ho (pyHKi(HOHajibHo oho 

OHeHb 6JIH3KO K TpaflHL(HOHHOMy, K3K 6jIH- 
30K MHOrOMHJIJIHOHHblH OTpHfl KaflpOBblX 

pa6oTHHKOB — raHbfiy k TpaflHUHOHHo yn- 

paBJIHBllIHM KHTaeM IlI3HbIIlH, 6JIH30K 
OnHTb-TaKH He HfleHHO, a HMeHHO HHCTHTy- 
I^HOHajIbHO, 4iyHKi;HOHaJIbHO. 

B o6meM, cou,HajibHbiH reHOTHn h 3flecb 
3aHBHji o ce6e. CTpyKTypHO coqHajiHCTH- 
HecKHH KnTafi (npaBfla, ero pyKOBORHTejin 
Bee BpeMH HacTaHBaioT Ha tom, hto no ny- 
th comiajiH3Ma oh flejiaeT TOJibKO nepBbie 

IliarH — H B 3TOM HeMajIO OT cypoBofl HCTH- 

hw) OKa3ajic« BecbMa 6jih30k k npouijioMy. 
H 6biJio 6bi HaHBHo omHflaTb nero-TO hho- 
ro. Beflb fljiH KapflHHajibHOH TpaHc^opMa- 

I^HH OGmeCTBeHHOH CTpyKTypbl HeflOCTaTOH- 
HO XapH3MaTHHeCKOrO BJIHHHHH BOIKflH H 

npoB03rjiaineHHH HOBbix oTHOiueHHii. HyjK- 

Hbl 6bUIH nOflTOTOBJieHHOCTb CTpyKTypbl K 

jioMne, xoth 6bi CKOJibKo-roi6yflb cymecT- 
BeHHan ee MOflepHH3aiiHH. KHTaii cepeflH- 
Hbi XX b. HHiero 3Toro eu\e He HMeji. a 
ero MHoroTbiCHHejieTHHH TpaflHi^HH 6buia 
CHJibHee, neM rfle 6w to hh 6buio. H 3to 

npH BCeM TOM, HTO npeflTIOCblJIKH flJIH JIOM- 
KH CTpyKTypbl HMeHHO B KHTaflCKO-KOHCpy- 
UHaHCKOH TpaflHI(HH-r(HBHJIH3ai(HH 6bIJIH 

eflBa jih He HaHoojiee c4)opMHpoBaBinHMHCH, 

1TO ReMOHCTpHpyiOT KaK COBpeMeHHblH 

KHTatt, TaK h HeKOTopbie flpyrne CTpaHbi, 
HCTopniecKH OKa3aBnmecH b c4)epe bjihh- 

HHH KHTaHCKOH UHBHJIH3ai;HH. 

B. Xopoc: Bbi, oneBMAHo, kMeeTe b BHAy m 

flnOHMKI? 

JI. BacmibeB: B nepByio onepeflb HMeH- 
HO ee. Kan h aHTHiHan TpeuHH, HnoHHH b 
hctophh HejiOBeiecTBa — 4 )eHOMeH npaK- 

THieCKH yHHKajlbHblH, HenOBTOpflWmHHCH. 
KOHeHHO, B HaiUH AHH MOIKHO HaCHHTaTb 

pnfl rocyflapcTB, npemfle Bcero onnTb-TaKH 
b flajibneBOCTOHHOM pernoHe, KOTOpbie HflyT 
npHMepno no TOMy Mte nyTH. Ho sto b Ha- 

UIH flHH, KOrfla yCJIOBHH B MHpe paflHKajib- 
HO H3MeHHJIHCb, KOrfla pa3BHBaK)mHHCH 

mhp Bee 6ojiee HHTeHCHBHo BTnrHBaeTca b 
MHpoBoe KanHTajiHCTHiecKoe xo3hhctbo. 
HHbie ycjioBHH 6biJiH CTOJieTne TOMy Ha3afl, 
Korfla npooHJi nac flnoHHH. 

EtoHeMy me hmchho oHa? H oTnero oHa? 
Ha 3th Bonpocbi yflOBJieTBopHTejibHoro ot- 
BeTa nona He flaHO. Ho HeMajio cflejiaHO 

flJIH TOrO, yTOGbl BCe Hte KaK-TO 06"bHCHHTb 

4>eHOMeH flnoHHH. HcTopwyecKH OHa — ne- 

pH(pepHHHafl HaCTb 30HbI BJIHHHHH KHTaii- 

ckoh i;HBHJiH3ai;HH. H xoth 6yflflH3M h chh- 
toh3m KaK pejinrHH TaM hbho npeo6jiaflajiH, 

KHTaHCKOKOH^yilHaHCKHe TpaflHUHH, IlOfl- 
H3C B HeCKOJIbKO TpaHC(pOpMHpOBaHHOM H 

npHcnoco6jieHHOM HMeHHO k huohckum pea- 



92 



jihhm BHfle, bo MHoroia onpe#e;iHJiH o6jihk 
crpaHbi. 

IlepBoe, hto npauijio h yKpennjiocb b 

HnOHHH BMeCTe C KHTaftCKHM BJIHflHHeM, — 

3to ffyx naTepHajiH3Ma, HcecTKaa npHBH- 
3aHHOCTfa Mjiajpimx k cTapmeMy, HameA- 
maH HaH6ojiee nojiHoe oTpasceHHe b zjyxe 
6yCHflo, KyjibTe caiHypaftcKofi 3thkh. JKe- 
ctkhh perjiaMeBT naTepHajiHcTCKo-caMypaifc- 
ckhx CBH3ett b HnoHHH npHHHji xapaKTep 
naTpoHawHO-KJiHeHTejibHbix oTHomeHHii 

b ropa3flo Sojibiiiefi Mepe, HeweJiH to Chjio 
b KnTae c ero CHJibHbiM rocyflapcTBOM. Bto- 
poe, ^to reHeTHnecKH bocxoaht k KHTaft- 

CKOH H,HBHJIH3aU.HH, — 9TO BblCOKaH KyJIb- 

Typa Tpyfia, ero flHCUHnjiHHa h opraHH3o- 

BaHHOCTb, VaCTHHHO TOHCe CBfl3aHHbie c na- 
TepHaJIHCTCKHMH TpaflHUHHMH, oCyCJIOB- 

jieHHHM hmh HceciKHM perjiaMeHTOM ITOBe- 

ReHHH. KpOMe TOrO, B HnOHHH 6bIJIO TO, 1TO 

oTcyTCTBOBajio b KHTae, h He 6hjio Toro, 
hto inemajio eiwy SwcTpo h 9<p(peKTHBHo 

OCymeCTBHTb MOflepHH3ai(HK). 

IIpeJKRe Bcero He Shjio dojib cnjibHoro 
rocyaapcTBa c pa3BHToft rpaiK/iaHCKOH 610- 
poKpaTHefi. AjibTepHaTHBofi 6bijia BoeHHan 
CHJia ceryHOB h KHH3eH, onHpaBuiHXCH Ha 
iipeflaHHbix hm caMypaes h noKpoBHTejib- 

CTBOBaBIHHX «CBOHM» (BKJIIOHaH «CBOH» TO- 

pofla), hto co3flaBajio onpeflejieHHbie yc.no- 

BHH flJIH 3KOHOMH^eCKOrO pa3BHTHH (HeHTO 

noflofiHoe coio3y Kopojieft c ropoflaMH b 
no3flHecpeftHeBeKOBofi EBpone). CymecTBo- 
BajiH RaHce ropo/ia c rapaHTHpoBaHHbiMH 
mm npaBaMH, npHBHJierHHMH, jibroraiviH. 

Bo-BTOPHX, Ha npOTHHteHHH BeKOB C(popMH- 

poBa^acb cnocoCHocTb k njio;joTBopHOMy 
3aHMCTBOBaHHK) HyJKOH KyjibTypw. HeyflH- 

BHTejibHo, hto nepBbift KOHTaKT c eBponeft- 

CKHMH KOJIOHH3aTOpaMH H MHCCHOHepaMH, 

xoth oh BCKope nocjie XVI b. tohcc, KaK h 
b KHTae, 6hji npeceveH BJiacTHMH, npHBeji 

K COBepUICHHO HHbIM nOCJieflCTBHHM. HlIOH- 

uw b qejioM TepnHMee OTHecnncb k npono- 

BeflH XpHCTHaHCTBa (9Ty peJIHrHK) OfpHIJH- 
a^bHO npHHHJIH HeKOTOpbie KHH3BH, 3aHH- 

TepecoBaHHbie b pacuinpeHBH cBH3efi c eB- 
poneftu.aMH) h aKTHBHee era™ booiphhh- 
MaTb eBponeficKyio HayKy h TexHHKy (b 
HnoHHH oHa ffjiHTejibHoe BpeMH HMeHosa- 
jiacb «rojuiaHflCKoft HayKoft»). 

YHHKa^bHoe coieTaHHe 6jiaronpHHTHbix 
oGcToffre^bCTB: BbicoKoft KyubTypu Tpy/ja 

H CaHKUHOHHpOBaHHOH KOHCpyUHaHCKOH 9TH- 
KOft CHCTeMbI naxpOHa}KHO-KJIH€HTejIbHbIX 

cBfl3eft, co^HajibHOH nHcijHnJiHHbi npn cpaB- 
HirrejibHoii cjiafiocTH rocyflapcTBa h 6iopo- 

KpaTHH, HaBblKOB OXOTHOrO 3aHMCTBOBaHHH 

qyiHoro onHTa, — Bee oto HapHRy c HeKo- 

TOpblMH flpyrHMH 4^KTOpaMH n03BOJIHJIO 
HnOHHH 6bICTpO MOflepHH3HpOBaTbCH H B 
KOHC3HOM CHBTe JjaTb BCeiWy MHpy eflFTHCT- 

BeHHHH b CBoeM po^e npHMep SjiecTHmero 

CHHTe3a BOCTOHHoft TpaflHUHH C 3anaflHbIM 
HanHTajIH3MOM (B CaMOM IUHPOKOM CMblCJie 

SToro cjioBa, to eCTb BKjnovafl 3ana/jHyio 
HayKy h TexHHKy, MHorne s^eivreHTbi Bbipa- 
BoTaHHoro eBponeficKoft iiHBHJiH3aqHeft 
«rpaiKflaHCKoro o6mecTBa» h t. n.). 

B. Xopoc: CDeHOMeH SlnoHnn yHUKaneH, KaK, 
BnponeM, HenoBTopuM b onpefle/ieHKOM cmu- 
cne m 0eHOMeH K^Tan. Ho b neM pa3Hnuia? 



JI. BacHJibeB: KHTafi Bee eme cnjibHO 

CKOBaH TpaflHqHeft. Coi^HaJIH3M, (pyHKItHO- 
HaJIbHO npHCn0C06HBIHHfiCH K KHTaHCKHM 

peajiHHM, He cjioMan TpaflHqHOHHyio crpyK- 
Typy. B HeKOTopoiw CMbicjie oh, KaK h ywe 
OTMe^aji, flawe yKpenHJi ee ochobh. Hno- 
HHH ace pemirrejibHo pa3opBajia nyTbi Tpa- 
flHUHH eme b npom-noM BeKe, ho MHoroe 
ot Hee Bee we ocTajiocb. Ocrajiocb to, sto 
noMoraeT hoboh, KanHTajiHCTHHecKoft 
CTpyKType, hto crjiamHBaeT npoTHBope^HH, 

CBOHCTBeHHbie KailHTaJIH3My, npOHBJIHK)- 

mHecH b orqyHCfleHHH, ynaflKe MopajibHbix 
CTaHflapToB, npeHe6peffieHHH k flyxoBHbiM 
Hanajiaiw b nojib3y MaTepnajibHbix h t. n. 
Bojiee Toro, GJiaroRapn 3TOMy cbohctby 
Tpa^HqHH unoHCKHH 3Ta^oH pa3BHTHH no 
MHorHM irapaMeTpaiw ct3hobhtch Hbme on- 
THMajibHbiM, npeBocxoflflHj,HM eBponeftcKHft 
h aMepHKaHCKHii. CoxpaHHiouj.HecH 9JieiweH- 
th naTepHajiH3Ma yKpenjiHMT bkohomhhb- 
CKHe CBH3H H npenHTCTByKT yrjiyfijieHHK) 
couHajibHbrx npoTHBopenHft; oTcyTCTBHe 

^aBHHX TpaRHIiHH TpaHCflaHCKHX CBo6ofl 3a- 
TPyflHHeT TJiySoKOe 0C03HaHHe COIJHa^bHO- 

KjiaccoBbix npoTHBopeHHft h Tome cnoco6- 
CTByeT ynpoqeHHio rpaiKflaHCKoro ivmpa b 
CTpane. 

B i^enoM B03HHKaeT 9(p<peKT rapMOHHi- 

HOrO CHHTe3a TpaflHI^HH H COBpeMeHHOCTH, 

a BKOHoMHnecKHe ycnexH npn coiiHajibHO- 
nojiHTHqecKoft CTaCnjibHocTH h opHeHTan,HH 
Ha rapMOHHK) no-KOH^jyuHaHCKH npH^aioT 
flaHHoiwy 9(p(peKTy flono^HHTeJibHyio CHJiy. 

K CKa3aHHOMy MOJKHO floSaBHTb, HTO OTCyT- 

CTBHe yKopeHeHHbix TpaflHi^Hft rpaw^aHCKHX 
cbo6ojj He MeuiaeT npoHBJieHHio hh^hbh- 
flyajibHoft h HacTHonpeflnpHHHMaTejibCKOH 
HHHi^HaTHBbi b yciioBHHX coBpeivieHHOH Hno- 

HHH. 3TO onHTb-TaKH He npOTHBOpeHHT KH- 
TafiCKO-KOHCpyi^HaHCKofi TpaflHIJHH". HcecTKHe 

HopMbi naTepHajiH3Ma Bcer^a co^eftcTBOBa- 
jih npoiiBeTaHHio npHHiiHna MepHTOKpaTHH 
(npeycneBaNiUHH MJiaflUiHii 6hctpo CTaHO- 

BHTCH B Pflflbl CTapillHX, ecjiH He HO B03pa- 

cTy, to no o6meCTBeHHOMy noJioHceHHio, 

flOJIHCHOCTH). 

HiaK, b oflHora cjiy^ae (KHTaft) HaJinqo 

CHJIbHOB flaBJieHHe HeCJIOMaHHOH TpaflHI^HH, 

b flpyroiw (HnoHHH) — peipopMHpoBaHHaH 
Tpa^HUHH Hcnojib3yeTCH bo Sjiaro hoboh 
CTpyKTypw. TaKHe MeTaMop<po3H raoryT 
noKa3aTbca napafloKcajibHWMH. Be^b npH- 

HHTO CHHTaTb, 1TO HSteHHO COU.Ha.HH3M KaK 

ofimecTBeHHbitt CTpoft pa3pyuiaer oTHOcie- 
hhh, CBoficTBeHHbie 3KcnJiyaTaTopcKo-aHTa- 
roHHCTHvecKHM CHCTeMaM, Torfla KaK Kann- 

TajIH3M — JIHHIb OflHa H3 TaKHX CHCTeM. 

Hhmmh cjioBaMH, c no3HqHH npHHHTOft Teo- 

PHH pa3pyUIHTbCH flOJIJKHa 6bIJia KHTaftCKaH 

cTpyKTypa, a coxpaHHTbca nnoHCKaH. Co- 

3HaK), HTO nPHHHTb UpOTHBOnOJJOJKHyK) TO>i- 

Ky 3peHHH HejierKo; MemaeT thhccjiwh rpy3 
florMaTH^ecKHx npeflCTasJieHHH. Ho h He 
To^bKo HacTaHBaro Ha BbimecKa3aHHOM, ho 
h b H3BecTHOM CMbicjie 6epy ero 3a ocho- 
By, onnpaiocb Ha Hero npn aHajiH3e KaK 
coBpeMeHHofi cHTyaijHH, TaK h Cyaymero. 

B. Xopoc: JleoHMfl CepreesMH, 6e3yc/ioBHo, 
conocTBEneHvie nnoHCKoro n KKTaficKoro sa- 
pMSHTOB npeaBbmawo *HTepecno, hc Bce- 
TaKH Hauia TeMB — HHflMH h Khts+i. BpjIA "^ 



93 



Mbt Aawe npM6/iM3MTeribHo 3aBepuiKJivi cpaB- 

HMTeHbHblM aH9J1M3 MOflepHH3ai_lHH B 3THX 

crpaHax. HanpuMep, hohtm HnMero He roeo- 
pnjiocb 06 ee suoHOMMMecKMx acneicrax. He 

nOpa J1H BOM, BwKTOp JleOHMflOBHM, BWIKJ- 
MHTbCfl B pfl3rOBOp? 

B. IIIefiiiHc: fl nona orpamraycb KOHcra- 
TaqHeft HaHoojiee oieBHflHbix pe3yjibxaxoB 
SKOHOMH^ecKoro pa3BHTHH o6eHX CTpan B 
nocjieBoeHHbift nepHo/j. A 6ojiee o6mHe co- 
o6pajKeHH«, B03HHKiiiHe y MeHH b xofle Ha- 
UJeH flHCKyCCHH, H XOTejI 6bl BHCKa3aTb 

no3flHee. 

Ha «dapTe», b 1950 r., pacciwaTpHBae- 

Mbie CTpaHbl CblJIH B ROCTaTOHHO CXOJIHOM 
noJIOJKeHHH. noflaBJIflWII^K) HaCTb BaJIOBO- 

ro npoflyKTa flaBajio h noflaBJifliomyio qacTb 
HacejieHHH 3aHHiwaJio cejibCKoe xo3hhctbo 
(no pa3HbiM oqeHKaM, ot 70 jio 80%). npo- 
H3BOflHTejibHocrb arpapHoro ceKTopa b 
KHTae 6wjia HecKOJibKO Bbiuie, 3aTo Hhiihh 
HMejia fiojiee pa3BHTyra h flHBepaMpHiiHpo- 
BaHHyio npoMbiuiJieHHOcTb. ConocTaBJieHHe 
oCenx crrpaH no BajioBOMy npoflymy Ha ay- 
my HacejieHHH MOHteT 6wrb npoBeflCHO 

JIHIHb C OOJlbUIOH flOJiefi yCJIOBHOCTH, TaK 
KaK HCTOCJIHeTCH OH B HHflHH h KHTae Ha 

ocHOse pa3Hoft MeTOflOJiorHH. H Bee we 

OOJIblUHHCTBO paCHeTOB CXOflHTCH B TOM, 

hto b 1950 r. cooTBeTCTByiomHe noKa3aTe- 

JIH CpaBHHBaeMblX CTpaH 6bIJIH Becbiwa 

-6jih3Kh flpyr k flpyry h coct3bjihjih 55 — 
65% no oTHomemno k cpejmeMy noKa3aTe- 
jik> pa3BHBaiomHXCH rocyflapcrB. Hopiwa 
HaKonjieHHH b ooeHx CTpaHax b Hanajie 
50-x roflos cocTasJiHJia okojio 10%. 

Hepe3 30 jieT cooTHoineHHe ocnoBaTejib- 

HO H3MeHHJ10Cb. KHTafl paHblUe nOflHHJI 

Hopiwy HaKonjieHHH pp 25 h n,aHte 30% (to 

eCTb flO ypOBHH, Ha KOTOpblft HHflHfl HHKOI"- 

fla He BbixoAHJia) h cjiejiaji CojibiUHH ynop 
Ha npoMbiniJieHHoe pa3BHTHe. Teninbi o6ine- 
xo3flftCTBeHHoro pocTa, HecMOTpn Ha cepb- 
e3Hbie coiinajibHbie noTpnceHHH, b uejioM 
3a nepHofl 6hjih 3flecb 6ojiee leni b flBa 
pa3a Bbiuie, yeiw b Hhiihh. B pe3yjibTaTe 
B03HHK pa3pbm b sajioBOM npoflyKTe Ha 
Ayiny HacejieHHH npnMepHO b 2,3 — 2,5 pa- 
3a: HHflHficKHfl noKa3arejib chh3hjich flo 
V3 — V2 cpeflHero noKa3aTejm «TpeTbero 

MHpa», a KHTaHCKHH nOBblCHJICH flO 3T0- 

ro cpeflHero ypoBHH, oBorHaji IlIpn-JIaHKy 
h CTaji b oflHH pHfl c TaHJiaHfloM h Ohjihii- 
nHHaMH. 

Ka3ajiocb 6bi, sth /iaHHbie roBopHT b 
nojib3y rocyflapcTBeHHo^eHTpajiH30BaHHO- 
ro xo3nflcTBa, KOTopoe cyiwejio mo6hjih30- 
BaTb pecypcw h (popcnpoBaTb p CT coBpe- 

MeHHOH 3KOHOMHKH. He fiyfleitt, OflHaKO, 

ToponHTbCH co CTOjib KaTeropHvecKHM Sa- 
lt JIWHeroieM. FlO BaJKHeftlllHM CTPyKTypHbIM 

9KOHOMHieCKHM noKa3axejiHM o6e dpaHM 
npHHafljieJKat k oflHoiay h toiwy me KJiaccy 
pa3BHBaK)u;Hxcfl rocyflapcTB, xoth o^Ha H3 
hhx no floxofly Ha flymy HacejieHHH OTKpw- 
BaeT, a npyraH — 3aMWKaeT cnHCOK. H b 

KHTae, H B HHflHH B CejIbCKOM X03HHCTBe 

no-npejKHeiny 3aHHTo nopnflKa 70% caMo- 
flenTejibHoro HacejieHHH h npoH3BOflHTCH 
conocTaBHMaH ladb BajioBoro npoflyKTa — 
23—28% h 33—37% cooTBeTCTBeHHo. no 
flojie ropoflCKoro HacejieHHH KHTafl He- 



CKOJibKo oBorHaji Hhahio, ho o6e ctphhh 
CHJibHo oTCTawT flaiKe ot cpeRHero noKa3a- 
TeJiH «TpeTbero MHpa»: 25,7; 22,6 h 33,2% 
b 1980 r. cooTBercTBeHHO. Hhwivih cjioBa- 
mh, b paccMaipHBaeMbix crpaHax pa3BHTHe 
HOCHJio pe3Ko noJiHpH30BaHHbift xapaKTep H 

npOHCXOflHJIO nOHTH HCKJIIOHHTejIbHO 33 

cieT coBpeiweHHoro ceirropa, ochobhoh ctpe- 
poft KOToporo (no KpaftHeft Mepe ho Hana- 
Jia 80-x roflOB) 6biJia ropoflCKan 9Koho- 

MHKa. 

B OflHOM OTHOHieHHH, npaBfla, MOflepHH- 

3aqHH b KHTae mjia 6ojiee ycneuiHO, yeia b 
Hh^hh: fleiworpatpHHecKaH noJiHTHKa 3flecb 
flajia SojibuiHH 3(pcpeKT. Pa3JiH«iHe b cpe/i- 
HeroflOBOM Teiwne npnpocTa HacejieHHH 3a 
BeCb nepnofl 1950 — 1986 rr. He oveHt Be- 
jihko: 1,8% b KHP h 2,1% b Hh^hh. ho 
AHHaMHKa fleiworpa^iHHecKoro pocTa 6buia 
pa3H0HanpaBJieHH0H, B Hhahh pocT Hace- 
jieHHH CHavajia ycnopHJiCH, 3aTeiw CTaSnjiH- 

3HpOBajICH H JIHUlb B 80~e TOflbl HeCKOJIbKO 

3aMefljiHJiCH (flo 2,1%), b KHTae me oh no- 

HHHtajICH OT fleCHTHJieTHH K fleCHTHJieTHK), 

nona b HbmeniHeM flecHTHjieTHH He cpaB- 

HflJICH C ypOBHeM pa3BHTbIX CTpaH (1,2% 

b rofl). 

He ToJibKo b HHflHH, ho h b Kniae oc- 
HOBHaH Macca HacejieHHH BHocnjia Becbiwa 

CKpOMHblft BKJiafl B npHpOCT npOH3BOflCTBa 

h CTOjib Hte cjiaoo omymajia ero njioflbi. 
npHpocT b oCeHX CTpaHax noflflepntHBaji 
6ecnpeqefleHTHoe b hx SKOHOMHiecKoft hc- 
Toprai HapamireaHHe hopmw HaKonjieHHH (b 
pe3yjibTaTe KanHTajioeMKocTb npoH3BOflCT- 
Ba Bbinjjia, BepoHTHO, 3a pauHOHaJibHbie 
rpaHHqw), 3HaHHTejibHoe ysejiHieHHe floxo- 
flos pacnopHflHTejieft npoH3BOflCTBa — rocy- 
flapcTBeHHoro annapaTa h paciUHpniomero- 
ch 6yp»Kya3Horo cjioh b Hhahh, mhotomhji- 

JIHOHHOH apMHH TaHbSy (HHHOBHHieCTBa) 

b Kfrrae, a TaKJKe H3BecTHoe yBejimeHHe 

flOCTaTKa TpyflHIUHXCH, KOTOpbIM nOCHaCT- 
JIHBHJIOCb BOHTH B CTpyKTypbl COBpeMeHHO- 

ro ceKTopa. npn 3Tom pecypcbi, HCTpa^eH- 
HHe Ha noflflepjKaHne sejiH^HH h yKpenjie- 
Hne BoeHHoft Momn rocyj;apcTBa, Ha kojioc- 
cajibHwft rocannapaT, KOHTpojiHpyiomHH h 
opraHH3yiomHH o6u;ecTBeHHbie npoqeccw, 

B KHTae CblJIH OTHOCHTejIbHO eflBa JIH MeHb- 

me, a b aCcojnoTHOM BbipaiKeHHH ^aHte 
6ojibme toro, hto yiujio Ha 9JiHTapHoe no- 
Tpe6jieHwe b Hhahh. Pe3yjibTaTbi 9Kohomh- 
yecKoro pa3BHTHfl KHTafl, xoth h 6ojiee 

BHyiUHTejIbHbie, ieM B HHAHH, KpeCTbHHH- 

hom r^e-HHCyflb b CwiyaHH hjih CnHbq3H- 

He OUQTnaJIHCb, BepOHTHO, HHHyTb He 

6ojibuie, neiw ero cofipaTOM b BeHrajiHH hjih 
Accaiwe, a counajibHoe nojiomeHHe xoro h 
HPyroro npoxoflHJio, xoth h no pa3HWM 
npHiHHaM, nojiocbi pe3Koro yxyfliiieHHA. 

H Bee Hte nocjieBoeHHbift sKOHOMHiecKml 
pocT b oSenx CTpaHax co3flaji 3HaiHTejib- 
Hyio MaTepnajibHyio 6a3y, KOTopan npn 
HaflJiejKameM ee Hcnojib30BaHHH MOHteT b 
HeMajioft CTeneHH cnocoScTBOBaTb ofiinecT- 
BeHHOMy nporpeccy. Mojkho jih ojKHflaTb 
«HaflJiejKamero Hcnojib30BaHHH»? OTBeT Ha 
stot Bonpoc hh b Koeft Mepe He npeflonpe- 
flejieH, a BepoHTHOCTeH, h6o 3aBHCHT He 
TOJibKo ot nocTOHHHo fleftcTByiomero ^aKTO- 
pa TpaflHqHH, ho h ot MHoiKecTBa Henpefl- 



94 



CHa3yeMbIX 06cT0flTeJIbCTB, B03HHKaK>IU.HX 
B XOfle COBpeMeHHOrO pa3BHTHfl. 

B. Xopoc: klTSK, Mbi noflxoflMM k TpeTbeM 
<*>a3e Haaiero o6cywfleHMH — oneHKaM 6y- 
flymero. Mower 6biTb, m Ha 3tom cts^hm flM- 
cnyccHM nonpocMM HanaTb JleoHMfla Eopn- 

COBMlja? 

JI. AaaeB: H Boo6m,e-To He oveHb jiio6jik> 
flejiaTb nporH03H. IIoaTOMy cRamy TOJibKo 

O TOM, TTO CBfl3aH0 C COltHaJIbHO-KyjIbTyp- 
HblMH KOHCTaHTaMH HHflHHCKOH IT.HBH.nH3a- 

uhh. HeKOTopwe ee oco6eHHocTH, Kan MHe 
npeflCTaBJweTCfl, npejKfle Bcero Hepapxnie- 
cKan cTpyKTypa, CBflsaHHaa c KacTOBOft ch- 
CTeMOfl, GjiaronpHflTCTByMT npoijeccy mo- 
flepHH3ai;HH. Ceftiac HHRHficKoe o6mecTBO 
ocBaHBaeT coBpeMeHHyio TexHHKy. pau,HO- 

HaJIbHbie (pOpMbl X03flflCTB0BaHHB, fleMO- 
KpaTHHeCKHe HOpMbI 06meHHH H HHCTHTy- 

tw. BpeMii Ha bck> 3Ty npHTHpKy h Bbi3pe- 
BaHHe npeflnoCbiJioK 6ynymero rpafflflaH- 
CKoro o6mecTBa noKa ecTb: coxpaHeHHe 
xpaflHUHOHHoro coUHajibHoro cTpoa o6ecne- 
iHBaeT BnojiHe npneMJieMbifi ypoBeHb cou,h- 
ajibHoft CTafiHJibHocTH. Bh^hmo, jiHCib npo- 
flojiHtaiomHMCfl rocnoflCTBOM KacTOBoro 

C03HaHHfl («HaJKflOMy — CBOe») MOJKHO 06"b- 
HCHHTb TO, HTO KJiaCCOBbie KOHCpJlHKTbl He 

o6ocrpnioTCfl, hto JiioflH He 6yHTyioT, p.a.me 
HaxoflHCb b HeiejioBevecKHx, c Hauiefi toh- 
kh speHHfl, ycjioBHflx. CoxpaHeHHe bmco- 
koh flOJiH HerpaMOTHOCTH ( 2 /3 HacejienHfl), 
hh3khS no cpaBHeHHio c flpyrHMH pasBHBa- 
miuhmhch CTpanaMH ypOBeHb h Teiwn yp6a- 

HH3aiJ,HH flBJIHIOTCH noKa3aTejmMH ypOBHfl 
pa3BHTHH. Ho HaflO IIOCMOTpeTb Ha 3TH no- 

Ka3aTejiH h KaH Ha CHMHToMbi 6ojiee rjiy6o- 
Hoft peanbHOCTH: jikrh Bee eme coi^najibHO 
3aKpenomeHbi, Bee eme npHBH3aHbi k cbo- 
eft o6mHHe h nacTe, r-fle hm He HyjKKbi ho- 

Bbie ropH30HTW H yMeHHe HHTaTb h nHcaTb. 

OflHaKO flaHHoe o6cTOHTejibCTBO HMeeT 
onpefleJieHHwe 6jiaroTBopHbie nocjie^cTBHfl. 

ECJIH 6bl HHflHHCKHH TpaflHIT,HOHHbIH 06pa3 

Mwcjiefi pa3pyuiHJicfl, to b Hhahh npoH3o- 
meji 6bi rpaHflH03Hbifi couHajibHbift KaTa- 

KJIH3M, CpaBHHMblfi C fleCHTbK) HpaHaMH. 

Ecjih HaJKflbifl HHflHei; 6yfleT ^yiwaTb, hto 
oh HH^eM He xyHte flpyroro h noTpeSyeT 

CBOH) flOJIK), TO 3TO, B03M01KHO, 6yfleT 3Ha- 

iHTeJibHbifl coqHaJibHbifl nporpecc, ho b 

SKOHOMHHeCKOM H nOJIHTHHeCKOM OTHOHie- 

hhh CTpaHa oyfler OTfipoineHa na CTOJieTne 
Ha3afl. 

B. Xopoc: Kan roBopMTcn, aceMy csoe spe- 
MD — B TOM <JMC/ie couna/ibHOMy M no/iMTHHe- 
CKOMy ara/iMTapK3My. 

JI. AaaeB: Bot HMeHHo. A nona b Hh/jhh 
cyu;ecTByK)T KaK 6bi ppe cTpaHM. OflHa hs 
hhx nepeflOBafl. roBoptfr, hto b coBpeMeH- 
hom ceHTope 3aHjrro okojio V3 HacejieHHH. 
fl flyMaio, vto 3To 3aBbinieHHafl uncjipa, pe- 
3yjibTaT onTHMHCTHiecKoro 3a6eraHHH Bne- 
pefl. Haflo cflejiaTb 3aMevaHHe, vto nepe- 
ouenna pa3BHTHH — nocTOHHHan 6ojie3Hb 
HccjieflOBaTejiefi h nojiHTHnecKHX nenTejiefi, 
H3yiaBmHx h H3yiaiomHx kojiohhh, nojiy- 
KOJIOHHH H pa3BHBawmHecH CTpaHbl. MHoro 

pa3 npH3HaBaJIOCb, HTO OUeHKH pa3BHTHH, 

CfleJiaHHbie paHee, 6buiH 3aBbiuieHbi. Ho 

HeH3MeHHO BHOBb H BHOBb HCCJieflOBaTeJIH 

BnaflaioT b ohthmh3m. B yaciHocTH, Bceiw 



H3BecTHo, vto MHorne paooTaiomHe nOHafi- 
My, nojiyHHiuHe «6H3HecivieHbis» h vhhob- 
hhkh JKHByT, no cymecTBy, eme b TpaflH- 

UHOHHOM MHpe, OflHaKO HX 3aiHCJIflI0T B 

«coBpeMeHHbifi ceKTop*. no Moeft oiteHHe, 
b coBpeMeHHOft HHflHH jkhbct He 6ojiee 

100 MJ1H. H3 700 MJIH., H TJiaBHOe, ^TD 

npoueHTHoe cooTHomeHHe sthx nnceji noi- 

TH He MeHfleTCfl. H 3TH 100 MJIH. cpaBHH- 
TeJIbHO CnOKOHHbl H BepilT B fleMOKpaTHK) 

h nporpecc, noToiwy ito ohh flejiOT Mewfly 

CO60M (KOHe^HO, He B paBHfelX rojihx) Bee 

Bwroflbi, npoHCTeKawiuHe hs 3KOHOMH , ie- 
CKoro pa3BHTHfl, a ocTaJibHbie 600 mjih. 
noiTH HHnero He noJiyiaMT. 

B03MOJKHO, 1TO HHflHHCKHH BapHaHT MO- 

flepHH3arjHH OKaHteTCH oveHb y^a^HbiM — 
ecJiH TeMn npo6yncfleHHfl Mace ocTaHeTCH 
CTOJlb JKe HH3KHM flO Toro BpeMeHH, Horfla 
OTKpoiOTCfl HOBbie, HeH3BecTHbie cefi^ac 
nepcneKTHBH. A, MOineT 6wTb, noJiHTH^e- 
CKan aKTHBHocTb Mace daHeT pacxH no 
aKcnoHCHTe. Torfla eflHHCTBeHHOft aJibTep- 
HaTHBOft ocTaneTCfl ycTaHOBJieHne «HHflyc- 
CHoft* flHKTaTypbi bo rjiaBe co cbathm. 

BnpoieM, cefinac 9toh ajibTepHaTHBe 
npennTCTByeT He TOJibKo «6jiaronpHflTHoe» 
coneTaHHe o6pa3a hch3hh h ikicchbhocth 

MaCC, HO H HerOTOBHOCTb H 3TOH pOJIH HH- 

flyHSMa. B OTjiHvHe ot HCJiaMa HHflyHSM He 
cnjiaiHBaeT, a pa3o6maeT Maccw, He mo- 

WeT CJiyjKHTb 3HaMeHeM HX M06HJlH3aUHH, 
nOTOMy HTO MHOrOJIHK, H JIK»60H BblRBHHy- 

thh hm Jio3yHr 6yfleT He TOJibKo npHBjie- 

KaTb, HO H OTTajIKHBaTb. /JaHte JI03yHr 3a- 

ihhth HopoBbi, Han6ojiee npneMjieMbifl fljifl 

UejlH M06HJIH3aiIHH HHflyCCKHX Mace, orraJi- 

KHBaeT vacTb HenpHKacaeMbix. IIonbiTKH 
co3flaHHfl HOBOro, 6oeBoro. nojiHTHvecKH 
npHroflHoro HHflyH3Ma flejiaioTcfl flaBHO. Oh 
jjaHce cymecTByeT — npoTHBHHKH Ha3biBa- 
iot ero KOMMyHaJiH3MOM. Ho nocjie^HKH 
noKa He mojkct oBjiafleTb MaccaMH no TeM 
3He npniHHaM, kotophx yme roBopn- 
jiocb, — H3-3a CBoero H3JiHUiHero 3raJiHTa- 
pH3Ma, HenpneMJieMocTH ajih TpaflHi^HOH- 

HOrO C03HaHHfl. 

B. Xopoc: JleoHMfl CepreeBMH, By a Kypfl, 
kbk Bti CHHTaeTe, MfleT KuTafi Ha 4>one 
ocTanbHoro Mnpa t npewfle Bcero pa3BMBaio- 
Luerocs? 

JI. BacHJibeB: T^aBaftTe fljin Haiajia pac- 
cTaBHM HeofixoRHMbie aKi;eaTbi. KaK h Ky- 
fla HfleT coBpeMeHHbifi mhp h npemfle Bce- 
ro pa3BHBaiomHecfl CTpaHbl, cocTaBJifliomHe 
ero 6ojibiiiHHCTBO? Hto xaKoe KannTajiH3M 
h ito Tanoe coi;HaJiH3M c tohkh 3peHWH Bee 
Tex me pa3BHBaiomHxcji cTpaH, nocTaBjieH- 
Hbix HCTopHeft, Ka3anocb 6bi, HMeHHO nepefl 
TaKofi aJibTepHaTHBofi — KanHTajiH3M hjih 

COIiHaJIH3M? 

B CBeTe npeflCTaBJifleMofi mhoio KOHiien- 
Uhh otcbh;j,ho, vTo HanHTajiH3M — fleTHme 

aHTHVHOCTH, 4>OpMaUHH C HaHBblCCIHM 

ypoBHeM pa3BHTHH h rocnofldBa vacTHO- 

COfiCTBeHHHHeCKHX OTHOUieH-HH H C TaKOH 

opraHH3ai;Hefl o6mecTBa h rocyflapcTBa, 
KOTopan qejiHKOM nocTaBJieHa Ha cjiym6y 

»iaCTHOH C06cTBeHHOCTH H (pyHKUHOHHpyeT 

bo hmh ee npouBeTaHHH (hto, pa3yMeeTcn, 
He HCKJiioiaeT cymecTBOBaHHfl HeKOTopwx 

$OpM KOJIJieKTHBHOH H TOCyflapCTBeHHOH 



95 



COGCTBeHHOCTH. (pyHKU.HOHHPyK)IHHX, OflHa- 

ko, bo hmh fijiara Bee Toro we o6m,ecTBa, b 
kotopom yacxHap coficTBeHHocTb npH3Haex- 
ch HaHBbicmeft H,eHHOCTbio). KpoMe flno- 
hhh, r/je TaKoro po^a CTpyKTypa BbiTecHHJia 
cymecTBOBaBiuyio npewfle, ocTajibHbie CTpa- 
hm HeeBponeftcKoro MHpa no-npefflHeiwy 
ocraiOTCH b paMKax hhoh dpyKTypbi, r^e 

HaCTHOfi COOCTBeHHOCTH BCerfla OTBOHHJIOCb 

BTopocreneHHoe Mecro, a rocyflapereo bm- 
CTynajio h b <pyHKU,HH coficTBeHHHKa 
(BJiaCTb-COfiCTBeHHOCTb), H b KayecTBe roc- 
noflCTByromero Kjiacca. /{jih hhx eraTb Ka- 
nHTajiHCTHHecKHMH — 3HaHHT npewfle Bcero 
cjioiwaTb TpaflHi^HOHHyio CTpyHTypy (^to h 
6biJio cflejiaHO b HnoHHH). JlerKO jih aToro 

flOOHTbCfl? 

Hto TaKoe con,HajiH3M, ecjiH roBopnTt He 
o BbicoKofi TeopHH, a o ee npaKTireecKoft 

peajIH3aH,HH? O'leBHflHO, «ITO B03HHKHyTb 
3T0T CTpoft npaKTHHeCKH MOr JIHIIlb Ha OR- 
HOft H3 flByx pa3JIHHHbIX CTpyKTyp — Ha 
eBponeficKoft hjih HeeBponeftcKofi. Cpa3y 
oroBopHMCH, ^to MapKc co3flaBaji TeopHK) 
fljia nepBoro cjiyHan. EBponeftcrarfi coiina- 
JIH3M BHflejicn eiwy KaK npeo/iojieHHe Kana- 
Ta^H3Ma, ho npn HenpeiweHHOM coxpaHemiH 
Bcex Tex ochob rpawflaHCKHx cbo6oa h 
npaB, KOTopwe BCflyx CBoe npoHcxojKfleroie 

C aHTHHHOCTH. 

BHe EBponw nofloonbix ochob He cyme- 

CTBOBajio (Bonpoc o Pocchh OCOfiblft, OHa 

H3ApeBJie Gbijia Ha CTbine 3anafla h Bocto- 
Ka, ho BOCTo^Hoe Hayajio b Hefl, Ha Mofi 
B3rjiHfl, Bee Hie npeofijiaflajio). Tan Ha na- 
koh me 6a3e /kwijkch 6mji C03flaBaTbCH co- 
H,HajiH3M xaiw? Beflb He Ha nycroM we iwe- 
cTe eMy 6bijio (popMHpoBaTtcH? HeyflHBH- 
TejibHo, hto b BocTOHHbix oGmecrBax oh 6a- 
3HpoBa^CH Ha CTpyKTypax c «rocyflapcT- 
BeHHWM («a3HaTCKHM», no MapKcy) cnoco- 

GOM npOH3BO^CTBa» H TeCHO CBH3aHHbIMH 
C HHM HfleHMH H HHCTHTyTaMH. H XOTH BMe- 

CTe c H^eHMH cou.HajiH3Ma (a noflnac h 
paHbine) Ha Boctok npniiiJiH h apopMHpo- 
BaBuiHecH b jioHe eBponeficKoft u.HBHJiH3a- 
ijhh npeflCTaBjieHHH o rpawflaHCKHX npa- 
Bax, CBofioflax, fleMOKpara*iecKHX npouefly- 

pax H T. II., BCe 3TH HHCTHTyTbl, OKa3aB- 

uracb Ha HeeBponeftcKofl noHBe, HeH36eHt- 
ho flo^JKHbi GbijiH nofijieKHyTb, ecjiH He 3a- 
BHHyTb BOBce. Hm He 6wjio Mecra b hhoh 
no Tnny CTpyKType, crpyKType aBTopn- 
TapHOH, C HBHbIM npeo6jiaflaHHeM aBTopn- 
Teia rocyflapcTBa h annapaia BJiacTH. 

B. Xopoc: He o3HaMaer jim cKaaaHHoe Bsmm, 
rieoHMfl CepreeBM«j, mo b HeeBponeMCKMx 

BOCTOMHfalX CTpyKTypax HeT MeCTH He TOIbKO 

KannTajiM3My, ho m coi4Ma/iM3My? 

JI. BacmibeB: 3to o3HaHaeT, hto ee™ 
KanHTajiH3M Mor cboGoaho h u,ejiHKOM pea- 
jiH30BaTb ce6s nmib b paMKax oflHoft 
cTpyKTypw (flpyryio c^eflOBajio fljiH 3Toro 
npe^BapHTejibHo cjioMaTb h 3aMeHHTb nep- 

BOfl), TO COI^HaJIH3M B HpHHHHIie MOr B03- 

HHKHyTb Ha 6a3e jiio6oh H3 hhx. ripH btom 
Ha 3anafle sto Gbiji (6bi) 3anaflHbift coitHa- 
AH3M, a Ha BocTOKe — boctoihwh. H pa3- 

HHIta MejKfly HHMH OTHMflb He B fleipHHH- 

i;hhx. Otjihkhh — b MO^ejinx, KOTopwe, b 
cbom o^epeflh, onpeflejiHioTCH HecxoflCTBOM 
CTpyKTyp. O 3anaflHofi, eBponeftcKofi MOfle- 



jih TpyflHo cKa3aTb ^to-jih6o onpeflejieH- 
Hoe: flnana30H ee peajiH3aiiHH flosojibHO 
umpoK — ot IIlBei^HH flo lOrocnaBHH. 
B jiioGom cfly^ae rjiaBHoe 3#ecb b tom, hto 
o6mecTBO ocymecTBjineT KOHTpojib Hafl ro- 
cyflapcTBOM. OcrajibHbie H3BecTHbie hcto- 

PHH MOflejIH COU.HajIH3Ma — BOCTOHHbie. 

Tyr ywe rocy^apcTBO flOMHHHpyeT nafl 06- 

IU,eCTBOM. HMeHHO 3T0 H HBJIfleTCH HX cjia- 

SocTbio, to ecTb TeM, hto iwemaeT pa3BH- 
thk, Hyffl^aeTCH b nepecTpofiKe. 

KHTafl nocjie Mao oahhm H3 nepBbix 
oco3HaJi HeofixoflHMocTb TaKofi nepecTpofi- 
kh, npH^eM CTafl ocymecTBJiHTb ee 6wcTpo 
h ycneuiHO. 3T0My, KaK hh napaflOKcajibHO, 
noMorjiH 3KcnepHMeHTbi Mao, 3arHaBiuero 
dpaHy b TynnK h bo mhotom pa3pyinHBiiiHe 
ee CTpyKiypy, yHHiTOJKHBiuHe cHjiy 6iopo- 
KpaTHiecKoro annapaTa CTpaHW. Ha sroft 
ocHOBe JXau CnonHH cyMeJi cpaBHHTejibHO 
jierKO nepecTpoHTb 3KOHOMHKy, a Bcjiefl 3a 

TeM B3HTbCH H 3a HepeCTpofiKy COIJHaflbHblX 
OTHOIIieHHfi H 4)0PM BJiaCTH. H XOTH TpaflH- 

qHOHHafl cTpyKTypa b KHTae Bee eiue ne 
pa3pyuieHa, MHoroe c^ejiano ajih Toro, htO' 
6m c^oMaTb ee. Ecjih KHTafl h flajiee 6yfleT 
HflTH no H36paHHOiwy nyTH (a ecTb ocHOBa- 
hhh nosaraTb. hto sto Sy^eT hmchho Tan), 
TO mojkho c yBepeHHOCTbK) npeflnojiomHTb. 
hto ero TpaflHUHOHHaH CTpyKTypa GyfleT 
BCKope TpaHccpopMHpoBaHa. KaKHM Hte cTa- 
HeT KnTafi b TaKOM cjiynae? 

H bot 3flech, b 3tom nyHKTe, cjie^yeT 
ofipaTHTbCH k r}>eHOMeHy Boctoks b ijejioM. 
OC-beflHHHeMbifl npn Bceiw ero MHoroofipa- 
3hh HeeBponeficKofi CTpyKTypHoft ochoboh, 
oh npeflCTaeT b cbocm pa3BHTHH nan Heofibi- 
HafiHo uiHpoKHii flHana30H BapnaHTOB. Bee 

3TH BapHaHTbl M03KHO BblCTpOHTb H€ B pHfl, 

a pacnojiowHTb b BH^e flyra (ym oneHb 
pa3jiHHHbi cocTaB^jaoiuHe ero crpaHbi, hto- 

6bl CTaBHTb HX flaffie flJIH HarjIilAHOCTH B 

pnfl, — flyra TO«mee). npn 3tom KOHU.bi fly- 

TH MOHIHO OGoSHa^iHTb RByMfl TOHKaMH, Ofl- 

Ha H3 KOTopbix — HnoHHH, flpyran — Kh- 
Tafl. H^h, ecjiH xoTHTe, oflHa — CTonpo- 
iieHTHbift, fla eme e^Ba bh He HaH6ojiee npo- 
i^BeTaioinHH b MHpe KanHTajiH3M, flpyran — 
peuiHTejibHO h caiwocTOHTeflbHO ocymecT- 

BJIHeMblfi COi;HaflH3M. 

B. Xopoc: JleoHMfl CepreeBMM, c o6meieo- 
peTHwecKOH tomikm 3peHMS, Baiua no3ki4ns, 
BpOfle 6bi jichb: cyu^ecTByeT MHOjKecTBo bb- 
pnaHTOB mum MOfle/iefi pa3enTnfl. Hy, e c 

KOHKpeTHO-MCTOpMMeCKOM TO^KM 3peHKS K8K 

o6ctomt fleno? klMeiOT jim Bee 3tm woflenM 
OflMHaKOBbie bo3MO>khoctm fins peanvoei^viM 

H, T3K CK33aTb, OflHBKOBble BMAbl Ha 6yfly- 

iuee? 

JI. BacHJibes: .HeftcTBHTeJibHO, TeopeTH- 
yecKH, KaK h yme CKa3a^, flHana30H Bapn- 
aHTOB HeoGbiHafiHo uinpoK. y iweHH HeT bo3- 
mohchocth GpaTbCH oxapaKTepH30Barb Bee 
3th BapwaHTbi («a h Hyntflbi b stom, bhah- 

MO, HeT). CymecTB€HHO BaiKHO BblflejIHTb 

ocHOBHwe H3 hhx h to, hto onpeflejiaeT HX 

CerOflHHUlHHH CTaTyC H nepcneKTHBbl. ECTb 

CTpaHH, TiiroTeiomHe k HnoHCKofi MOfle- 

flH HO HX OieHb HeMHOrO. ECTb 6jIH3KHe 

K KHTaftCKHM HX TOJKe Majio. OCTaflbHbie 

pacnojiaraiOTCH Memay hhmh. TjiaBHoe b 
tom, "ito TpaflHUHOHHO HeeBponefiCHHe 



96 



cTpaHM TflroTeioT k yjKe onncaHHOH MoflejiH 
CHJibHoro rocy^apcTBa. O/jHaKo ohh oTveT- 

JIHBO C03HHKIT, VTO 3Ta MOflejIb npH cjiaoo- 

cth ^acTHOH coficTBeHHOCTH h pbrana *ipeBa- 

Ta 3K0H0MHqeCK0ft HeaCpcJjeKTHBHOCTbW, He 

roBopn ywte o Koppynqmi h hhmx 3Jioyno- 
TpeSjieHMx. B to me BpeiwH oTflaTbCH cth- 
xhh KanHTajiHCTHiecKoro pbiHKa npn ocna6- 
jieHHOM rocy^apcTBe h oTcyTCTBHH HeoGxo- 

flHMblX TpaAHL(HH, BeKaMH BOCnHTbJBaBUIHX- 

cn y eBponefiqeB npeacTaBjieHHH o npaBax, 
CBOoo/rax, rapaHTHflx h t. n. 3HaiHT ona- 
3aTbCH Ha rpatiH xaoca, ecjin He KaTacTpo- 
cpbi. Hhwmh cjioBaMH, He cnoiwaTb TpaflH- 
qHOHHyio dpyKTypy — 3HanHT ocraBaTbCH 
oTCTa.iibiMH. nbiiaTbCH pa3pyniHTb ee — ■ 

3HaHHT pHCKOBaTb CJIHUIKOM MHOrHM, OCO- 
6eHHO npH OTCyTCTBHH HeoGxOflHMblX flJIH 

3Toro npeflnocbjjioK. Ba3bi we, He c*mTaH 

HeCKOJIbKHX flajIbHeBOCTOVHblX H JlaTHHO- 

aiwepHKaricKHx rocyflapcTB (k hhm yacTHy- 
ho mojkho oTHecTH h pa3f5oraTeBiiiHe Ha 
9KcnopTe HetpTH cTpaHH Bpo^e Cay/joBCKoft 
ApaBHH hjih KyBeftTa), HHrfle HeT. KaK Hte 

6bITb? 

B. Xopoc: Pa 3 hctophh, peanbHaa mn3Hb 
BbiflBHraeT npo6jieMy, cTaBMT 3aflaHy, to 
flonwHO HaMTMCb h peweHne. M, KaK npaemio. 
He OflHO peiueHne, HecKojibKO nyTefi h sa- 

PK3HTOB C006pa3H0 C OCC>6eHHOCTHMM OT- 
jqeilbHblX CTpaH KJ1M perMOHOB. 

JI. BacHJibeB: CoBepmeHHo Bepno. EfyTb 
nepBbifl — MefljieHHoe h nocTeneHHoe co3- 
flaHne Heo6xoflHMbix npe/jnocbuioK. Co6ct- 

BCHHO, HMeHHO 9THM nyTeM H HflyT MHorne 

pa3BHBaioii;HecH CTpaHM. OflHano Ha nxny- 

TH TaH MHOrO CJIOJKHOCTett (HaVHHaH ot He- 

flocTaTOHHOH KyjibTypbi Tpy^a h ofimefl 
KyjibTyphi h KOH^afl Hepa3BHTocTbro espo- 
neftcKoro THna rpaiKflaHCKnx npas h cbo- 

6ofl H, 60Jiee TOrO, pe3KHM npOTHBOCTOHHH- 

eiw 3thm sjieivieHTaM eBponeftcKOH iihbhjih- 

33qHH MeCTHblX TpaflHqHK, pejIHrH03HbIX 

npHHUMioB), h npoflBHraiOTCfl ohh snepefl 

CTOJIb MeflJieHHO, ^TO CJIOMe CTpyKTypbl 

h co3^aHHH koboh b 6oJibiiJHHCTBe cjiy^aes 
BecTH pe^b noKa He npHxo/j,HTCH. /{pyrHMH 
cjioBaMH, ycnexH ecTb, ho ohh euje CTOJib 
HesHa^HTejibHbi h Tan 6e3paflocTHbi Ha (po- 

He flOCTHJKeHHH pa3BHTbIX CTpaH, MTO ECepb- 
e3 TOBOpHTb O CKJiaflblBaHHH CTpyKTypbl, 

cooTBeTCTByiomeH h flaiomefi bosmojkhocth 
fljiH SHeprH^Horo KannrajinCTHyecKoro 

pa3BHTHH, H6 npHXOflHTCH. 

IlyTb BTopoH — fiojiee hjih MeHee peuiH- 
TejibHbifi 0TKa3 b npHHipme ot co3rj,aHHH 
ycjioBHH fljifl TpaHccpopiwauHH CTpyKTypbl. 

«HaM H TaK XOpOlUO*, «MM rjOEOJIbHbl Ha- 
UIHMH TpaflHUHOHHblMH nopHflKaMH» — 

npHiwepHo Tan sBytaT jiosyHra Becbiwa 

BJIHHTejlbHOH HbIHe B pa3BHBaWmeMCfl MH- 

pe, ocofieHHo Ha BocTOKe, couHajibHo-Hfleft- 
Hofi npocjioHKH pejiHrno3HbJx cpyHflaiweHTa- 
jihctob, B03flefiCTBHe KoTopbix Ha ofimecT- 
BeHHoe co3HaHne cbohx CTpaH Bee pacTeT. 
B. Xopoc: Biii MMeeTe b BUfly, KoHenHO, 
npewfle Bcero KyjibTypHO-MciopHMecKHH ape- 
a^ pacnpocTpaHeHun wcjiaMa. BnpoqeM, B03- 

MOWHO, Bbl H npaBbl HeOTpaflMUMOHaJlMCT- 

CKaa, cfiyHflaMeHTanMCTCKasi peaKi^Mn, xots v, 
b pa3Hbix cfiopwax, »B/i5ieTCH o6men TeHfleH- 
HMen flfls mhotmx HbiHe pa3BMBaiou;HXcn 



CTpaH. B nociieflHee BpeMn oh8 ciana flawe 
3aMeTHefi. KaK Bbi no/iaraeie, noHeMy? 

JI. BacHJibeB: Bo-nepsbix, noTOMy, hto 
paflyjKHbie hjijik)3hh BpeiweH fleKojioHH3a- 
u,hh pacceHJiHCb, a npo6jieMbi 0Ka3ajiHCb 
CJiojKHee, neivi npeflnojiarajiocb. He TOjibKo 
floraaTb pa3BHTbie rocyflapcTBa, ho h oc- 
TaTbCH Ha npeiKHefl flHCTanqHH ot hhx Te- 
nepb yme ;ym CojibuiHHCTBa pa3BHBawmHX- 
ch CTpaH HepeajibHo. Ctoht jih b sthx yc- 
jiOBHflx HanpHraTbca? He Jiynme jih nepe- 

CMOTpeTb CTpaTerHK) pa3BHTHfl H nO-HOBOMy 

ou.eHHTb flogpbie, npHBbiHHbie h b o6uxeM-TO 
y^oBJieTBopHTejibHbie ajih MHorax cipaH 
nopHflKH? H paccHHTbiBaTb npii 3tom, ede- 
cTBeHHo, Ha noMomb Gojiee GoraTbix... Bo- 
BTopbix, noTOMy, ^to cTapan dpyKTypa He 

npOCTO COnpOTHBJIHeTCH JIOMKe, HO H, MO- 

6HJiH3y« Bee HOBbie bo3mo>khocth, nepexo- 
flHT b HacTynjieHHe. ^eiviorpatpHqecKHH 
B3pbiB — ee nopo>KfleHHe h ee cnjia. Ron- 
roBaH Ka6ajia . npH 6e3HafleiKH0CTH Korfla- 
jihGo H3 nee BbiSpaTbcn — Tome ee Hacjie- 
flne h ee CHJia. HeyiweHne pa6oiaTb Tan, 
^ToGbi yfloBJieTBopflTb see paCTymne no- 
TpefiHocTH 3a c^eT noBbiuiaiomeHCH npoH3- 

BOflHTeJIbHoCTH Tpy/ja, — Ha MOH B3rjlflfl, 
TOIKe (paKTOp, C$OpMHpOBaHHbIH CTapoft 

CTpyKTypoft h cooTBeTCTByromHfi eft h bcko- 

BblM TpaflHU,HHM. 

BapnaHT 9Toro BToporo nyTH — nonbiTKa 
H36paTb coqHajiHCTHtiecKyio opneHTauHio. 
Pe^b npa stom HfleT yame Bcero npHiviep- 
ho o tom, o ieM ywe roBopHJioCb b cba3h 
c KHTaeni speivieH Mao. BjiaronpHHTHbix 
pe3yjibTaTOB b CMbicjie SKOHOMH^ecKHx yc- 
nexoB flaHHbift Bbi6op He o6em,aeT, bo bch- 
kom cjiy^ae, jj,o Tex nop, noKa phhok h to- 
BapHo-jieHeiKHbie oTHomeHHH orpaHnyeHHbi 

B CBOHX B03MOJKHOCTAX (a OHH B TaKOrO pO- 

fla cjiynaflx name Bcero orpaHHyeHHbi BCJiefl- 

CTBHe KpaHHefl OTCTajIOCTH H HeoSxOflHMO- 

cth rocyaapcTBeHBoro peryjmpoBaHHH no- 
TpeGjieH'Hn). 

HTan, ABa nyTH — pa3pymaTb TpaflHqa- 
oHHyro CTpyKTypy h He pa3pyruaTb. JlerKo 
3aMeTHTb, hto nepBbifi THroTeeT H HnOH- 

CKOH MOfleJIH, BTOpoft — K KHTaftCKOH. BOT 
3fleCb-TO H HyHJHO CHOBa BepHyTbCH k Kh- 

Taro h k ero MOflejiH. fla, nona eme TpaflH- 
UHOHHan ero dpyKTypa He cjioiwaHa. Ho b 

TOM-TO H CyTb, ^TO B xo^e MOflepHH3aqHH 
H fleMOKpaTH3aU.HH, B XOfle COBpeMeHHOH 

nepecTpoHKH 9Ta cTpymypa 3Phmo jio- 
Maercfl. 

B. Xopoc: Ho iorp,a pe30HHO jih TMnono- 

THHeCKM CTSBHTb BO TJiaBy pa3BMBaK>UtHXCfl 

CTpaH, He cipeMHinHXcs pa3pymaTb cboio 
CTpyKTypy, hmchho KnTafi, see >«e noMflK)- 
mviM ee? 

JI. BacHJibeB: Be3ycjioBHO, ma.. TojibKO 

HyiKHO nOHCHHTb, tfTO HMeeTCfl B BHfly. ^e- 
JIO B TOM, HTO H B npOHIJIOM, B /JJpeBHeH H 

cpeflHeBeKOBoft hctophh, cymecTBOBajin 
o6u;ecTBa c npoiweHtyTOHHOH no xapanTepy 
CTpyKTypoft. K hx ^HCJiy npHHa/jjiemajia, 
CKameM, <J»hhhkhh. fljiHTejibHoe BpeMfl sbo- 
jiKmHOHHpoBann ot oflHoft CTpyKTypbl k flpy- 
roft xpHCTHaHHsiipoBaHHbie repiwaHCKHe 06- 
mecTBa eBponeftCKoro cpeflHeBeKOBbn, a 
Tai-tiKe pHfl cnaBHHCKHX rocy^apcTB, bkjikj- 
lan Pocchio. npaB^a, caiwo cymecTBOBaHHe 



7. «MnpOBaH 3KOHOMHHa» JJs 6. 



97 



npoMejKyTO^Hbix oGmecTB (to edfa c HajiH- 
miem 3aivieTH0ro KOjiH^ecTBa sjieiweHTOB eB- 
poneftcKofl CTpyKTypw, cnoco6cTBOBaBiiiHX 
Sojiee hjih MeHee ycKopeHHOMy h Secnpe- 
nHTCTBeHHOMy pa3BHTHio nacTHoft co6ct- 

BeHHOCTH H HaCTHOIipennpHHHMaTeJIbCKOH 

fleHTejibHOCTH) eme hh o neiw He tobopht. 
Toj:bKO npH HaKonjieHHH CBoero pona «Kpn- 

TIHeCKOH MaCCbI» ynOMHHyTblX 3JieMeHT0B 
MOHteT npOH30HTH TpaHCCpOpMaUHfl CTPyK- 

Typbi. A 9T0My BCflqecKH npenflTCTBOBaJia 
rocnoflCTByiomaii b HeeBponeftCKOH cxpyK- 
Type CHCTeMa BJiacTH, «rocyflapcTBeHHbift 
cnoco6 npoH3BOj(CTBa». CoScTBemio tobo- 
pn, 06 9THX npejjnocbuiKax npHMeHHTejibHO 
k KHTaio hjih flnoHHH imia penb BHiue: 
3necb ohh cyiuecTBOBajiH, MorjiH ciiocoSct- 
BOBaTb npoueccy TpaHafcopMauHH h name 
b cjiynae c HnoHHefi CbirpajiH cboio pojib, 
ho cjiyqafi stot 6wji yHHKajibHbiM. Hopiyiofl 
me CTajio coxpaHeHHe TpanHUHOHHOH CTpyK- 
Typbi. 

B anoxy K0Ji0HHajiH3Ma. Korfla MHp OKa- 
3ajICH BTflHyTbIM b opSHTy bjihhhhh KaiiH- 
TajIH3Ma, B03HHKJia HOBafl h npHHUHiiHajib- 

ho HHafl cHTyauHH, npHBeRiuafl b XX b. k 

TOMy, HTO KOJlHHeCTBO 3JieiVieHT0B eBpoKa- 

nHTajiHCTH^ecKOH CTpyKiypbi bo Bcex He- 
eBponeficKHx CTpaHax Ha^ajio 6bicrpo B03- 
paCTaTb, HTO 3aMeTH0 TpaHC(popMHpoBajio, 
a Koe-rfle h aaiweTHO noflTaiHBajio cTapyio 
CTpynxypy. Ho TpajymHOHHaH CTpyKTypa 
He cneiiiHJia yftra b npouuioe. HanpoTHB, 
Mo6HJiH30BaB HeMajibie BHyipeHHHe noTeH- 
uhh, OHa nepeinjia b KOHTpHacTynJieHHe, 
KOTopoe b HauiH flHH npHBeJio k onpenejjeH- 
HOMy ycnexy, yeiw yjKe mjia peib. Hafl- 
jioMJieHHaH, Koe b ieM H3MeHeHHa*i, CHJib- 
ho o6oraiu,eHHafl hobhmh, KanecTBeHHO 
hhmmh 3Jiei\ieHTaMH, TpanHi^HOHHan CTpyK- 
Typa TeM He MeHee b nonaBJiHiomeM Sojib- 

IUHHCTBe pa3BHBaH)mHXCfl CTpaH OCTaJiaCb 

Beflymefl h CHCieMoo6pa3yiomeH. 3to npo- 
M30II1JI0, B WaCTHOCTH. H b KnTae. Ho Kh- 
Tafi b HHTepecyiomeM Hac CMbicjie — cjiy- 
^aii oco6bifi. 

PeBOJiiouHji b npHHunne He npneMJier 
KOMnpoMHecoB; ee BHyTpeHHHH JiorHKa Be- 
fl€T, nan npaBHJio, k peBOJiiouHOHHOMy 
3KCTpeMH3iviy, conpoBOJKflaeMOMy rpajKflaH- 

CKOH BOHHOH, yHH^TOHteHHeM HHaKOMblCJIH- 
HJ.HX, B TOM ifflCJie H MHOrHX H3 Tex, KTO 

CTOiiJi y KopiviHJia stoh caMOfl peBOJiioqHH. 
Han6ojiee 6jih3khh npHMep peBOJUOijHOH- 
Horo 3KCTpeMH3Ma — Hpan. Ho ne^TO no- 
floGHoe 6biJio h b KnTae. OjpiaKo npoxo^HT 
onpeflejieHHHH cpon h HacrynaeT ppeMH 
KomnpoMHeca. KoMnpoMHeca bo hmh 3/;pa- 
Boro CMbicjia, nocTHiKeHHH Tex ueJiefi, pajjH 
KOTOpbix coBepuiajiacb peBOJiroimfl (a OHa 
b jih)6om cjiyiae HMeeT CBOefl 3&RanePi 
yjiyHineHHe ycjioBHH wh3hh 6ojibiiiHHCTBa 



Hapona). B KnTae komiipomhcc cbcjich k 
BOccTaHOBJieHHio HapyiueHHOfi SKcnepn- 
MeHTaMH Mao npHBbiiHofi h npHeMJieMofi 
j(jiH CTpaHbi h Hapojja HOpMbl. Ecjih 3Ke 
yyecTb, ito 3Ta hopmb BOccTaHaBJiHBajiacb 
nofl 3HaMeneM couHajiH3Ma, npoTHBOCTOfl- 
mero KanHTajiH3My h b to me BpeMH cpyHK- 
UHOHajibHO 6jiH3«oro «rocynapCTBeHHOMy 
cnocoSy np0K3B0flCTBa», to He npuxoflHT- 

Cfl y^HBJIflTbCfl, 1TO p63yJIbTaT0M 3Toro 

BbiJio yKpenjieHHe ochob TpaflHi^HOHHOfi 
CTpyKrypbi. HHbiMH cjiOBaMH, ofimecTBeH- 
Haa CTpyKTypa KHTan nocjie Mao 0Ka3a- 
jiacb GjiHHte k TpajymHOHHoft, neM Korfla- 
jih6o aa nocjieflHee cTOJieTHe. 

B. Xopoc: Aa, ho sto B03Bpaai,eHMe k ipa- 

AMUMOHHOCTM OflHOBpeMeHHO 6blJIO CflOpMOM 

MOflepHMsauiMM, He To/ibKO npOBoarnaaiaeMOM 

(M B 3TOM CMblC/ie Cy6l>eKTHBHOM), HO M HB- 

/lawLHeficji, 6e3yc/iOBHO, o6i>eKTHBHOH 3ap,a- 
ijen KMTaiicKOro o6mecTBa. DonyHaeTCSi npo- 

TMBOpeMMe... 

JI. BacHJibes: EcTecTBeHHO. IloaTOMy mo- 
flepHH3at(Hfl CTpaHbi, npoB03rjiameHHafl 
rjiaBHoft ixejibH), TpeSoBajia jiomkh TOJibKo 

HTO BOCCTaHOBJieHHOtt CTpyKTypbl, B >iacT- 

hocth pe3KOro yMeHbineHHH pojiH i;eHTpa- 
jiH30BaHHoro KOHTpojiH rocyflapcTBa CHa- 
qajia b ccpepe skohomhkh, a aaTeM h b c(pe- 
pe nojiHTHKH. HMeHHO TaKaa jiOMKa Hbme 
h npennpHHHTa b KHP, npHieM ycTynKH 
PblHKy H HHflHBHAyaJIbHOMy npeflnpHHHMa- 
TeJIbCTBy OTHIOflb He IipHpaBHHBaiOTCfl K 

ycTynKaM KanHTajiH3My. 0(pHi;HajibHO He 

npHpaBHHBaiOTCH. 3T0 3HaHHT, HTO 0(pHi;H- 

aJibHo KHTaft He xoieT jiOMaTb cymecTByio- 
myio CTpyKTypy h yme Sjiaroflapa OflHOMy 

3T0My HMeeT OCHOBaHHH 0Ka3aTbCfl JJHfle- 

poM Tex CTpaH pa3BHBaK>merocH MHpa, ko- 
Topbre Tome ot nofloSHofi jiomkh 0TKa3bi- 

BaiOTCH. 

Bo3BpamaHCb k Meiatjaope o «nyre pa3- 

BHTHH», M03KHO BHOBb KOHCTaTHpOBaTb, TTO 

Ha ohhoh ee CTopoHe Te, kto aoGHBaeTCji 
jiomkh CTapoft CTpyKTypw, ho no He 3aBH- 
chii;hm ot hhx npHHHHaM He npeycneBaeT 
b 3tom, a Ha flpyrofl — Te, kto He npneM- 

JieT JIOMKH, HO BblHyjKJjeH CHHTaTbCfl C TeM, 

hto OHa Bee iKe Hflei. KpafinocTH, TaKHM 
o6pa30M, ecjiH He cxoflflTCH, to cSjiHHtaiOT- 
cx, h BeKTop HCTopH^ecKoro npoi^ecca b 
CTpaHax HeeBponeftcKoro MHpa oieBHneH: 
ajieMeHTbi eBpoKanHTaJiHCTHiecKOft CTpyK- 
TypH, aKTHBHoe BHenpeHHe kotophx ciona 
Ha'iajiocb c anoxH K0Ji0HHaJiH3Ma, npofloJi- 
maiOT pacTH h HaKanjiHBaTbCH. 

B. Xopoc: JleoHMA CepreeBMH, Kan c/ie- 
flyeT noHHMaTb Baw buboa c tohkm 3peHMH 
nepcneKTMObi? OaHaMaeT /im 3to, mto pa3BM- 

BatOlUMMCS! MVtp MfleT K Ka/lMTa/lM3My eBpO- 

neMCKoro TMna? 



(TlpodoAOKeHue CAedyer) 



KPyFAblH CTOA «M3 M MO» 



HHftHH H KHTAM: flBE UHBHJIHSALJHH 
flBE MOflEJIH PA3BHTHH* 



B. Xopoc: JleoHMfl CepreesMM, nan cnefly- 
eT nOHMMaTb Bam BbiBOfl o HaKannnBaHMn b 
pa3BMBaK)LneMCJi MHpe ajieMeHTOB eBpoKariM- 

TaJIMCTMMeCKOM CTpyKTypbl C TOMKM 3PeHMS 

nepcneKTKB? Hhlimh c/iOBaMH, nfleT jim 3 tot 
MMp k KanMTaxiM3My eBponeficKoro Tuna? 

JI. BacmibeB: CoBepuieHHO oicbh/iho, 
hto o KanHxa^H3Me eBponeficKoro Tuna pe^b 
nona He nrreT, nan He iwomer h/tth peib h 

O flOCTHJKeHHH BCeM MHpOM ypOBHfl pa3BH- 
THfl, CBOfiCTBeHHOrO HaHOOJiee pa3BHTbIM 

CTpaHaiw. CooTBeTCTByron;ero noTpe6JieHH« 
pecypcoB Ha flyuiy HacejieHHfl 3eMjra npo- 
cto He b coctohhhh ooecneiHTb, Kan ne mo- 
Htex BHflepHtaTb OHa h KoniwecTBa ot6po- 
cob na Ty see nyiuy — h sto He 6ep« b 
pacneT 6wcTpbiH pocr MHpoBoio HacejieHHH 
b pe3yjibTaTe fleMorpaipHnecKoro B3pbiBa, 
npoHcxoflHiiiero onm-b-TaKH b pa3BHBaio- 
iiihxch dpaHax. 

CoxpaHeHHe rocncwcTBa TpaflHi^HOHHofl 
CTpyKTypu, oGpeiweHeHHOH coBpeMeHHbiMH 

3KOHOMHieCKHMH, TieMOrpaipHieCKHMH, 3KO- 

jiorH^ecKHMH h HHbiMH npo6jieMaMH, Aaate 
npH ycjioBHH HaKonJieHHfl b Heft sjieivieHTOB 
HOBcyro Ka'jecTBa He MOHteT He CKa3biBaTbCfl 
Ha Tenmax h xapaKTepe ee pa3BHTHH, oco- 

6eHH0 B CpaBHeHHH C pa3BHTbIMH CTpaHa- 
MH. IlpH 3TOM MHOroe 3aBHCHT OT TOrO, B 
paMKaX KaKOfi UHBHJIH3aUHH HCTOpHieCKH 

cJioHtHJiocb h cymecTByeT to hjih HHoe 06- 
mecTBo. Hhtiha c ee wacTaMH — 3/iecb h 
corjiaceH c JleoHHflOM EopncoBHyeM Ajia- 
eBbiM — noflBepjKeHa onacHOCTHM BHyTpeH- 
hhx B3pbiBOB b HaHMeHbineft CTeneHH, no 

TOMy HTO KaCTOBbie OrpaHH'ieHHH HCKyCCT- 
BeHHO KOHCepBHpyiOT Ha HH3KOM ypoBHe 

noTpeC^eHHe noflaBJiHiomero SojibuiHHCTBa 
HacejieHHB. 3to me lacTHHHO othochtch h 
h CTpaHaiw 6yflriHHCKofi KyjibrypM, r«e pe- 
jiHrH03HaH Hopiwa flajiena ot KyjibTHBnpo- 
BaHHH noTpeCHOCTefl. Ho bot b crpaHax hc- 
jraMCKoro MHpa, Kan h b JlaraHCKofi Aiwe- 
pHKe, noTpe6HocTH pacTyT 3aiweTHo 6mct- 
pee B03M03KHOCTefi hx yflOBJieTBopeHHH. Pe- 
3yjibTaT bo MHorHx cnyqaflx BbipajKaeTca 
e acTpoHOMHiecKofi cyiwiwe flojira (npaBfla, 
b MycyjibMaHCHHx dpaHax oh He Tan ae- 



* OKOHHaHHe. Haqajio h npoj,OJiiKeHHe cm. 
b «M3 h MO, JVsJVs 4, 6, 1988. 



JIHK, KSK B JiaTHHOaMepHKaHCKHX, h6o Ha- 

cthmho KOMneHCHpyeTCH HeipTejTOJiJiapaMH). 
Ho flejio He tojibko b 3aaoJiHteHHOCTH. 

EcJJH HHflHfl H CTpaHbl GyflflHHCKOH 

KyjibTypu b cHJiy hx xpaflHitHOHHOfl pejiH- 

rHO3HO-ITHBHJIH3aitH0HHOfl OpHeHTailHH H 

o6ycrioB.rieHHoro 3thm 3aHHHteHH« noTpe6- 
HocTefl iwaccbi HacejieHHH cpaBHHTejibHo 

CTa6HJIbHbl B COUHajIbHO-nOJIHTHHeCKOM 

n^aHe, to HHoe no^oHteHHe cymecTByeT b 
MHpe HcnaMa h b JIsthhckoh AMepnKe, r«e 
coaHaJibHan HanpHHceHHOCTb h noJiHTHye- 
CKafl HecTa6HJibH0CTb OTeBHflHbi h c Teie- 
HHeM BpeMeHH hbho HapacTaioT. ^ejio b 

TOM, MTO 3fleCb ITHBHJIH3ai;HOHHbIe CTaHflap- 
Tbl H TpaflHIIHH TeCHO CBH3aHbl C MOIIIHbl- 

mh MOHOTeHCTHHecKHMH pejiHrHAMH, cnna- 

"iHBaiOIUHMH JIIOfleH BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 
HX BTHOnjieWieHHblX H HHblX HCTOpHHeCKH 

CKJiaflbiBaBiiiHxcfl CBA3efi. 3to co3flaeT b 

COBpeMeHHblX yCJIOBHHX COITHOnOJIHTHHe- 

CKHfi HMnyjibc HeBHAaHHoft cHjibi h 6jiaro- 

npHHTHbie yCJIOBHH flJIH MaCCOBblX flBHHte- 

HHH, B XOfle KOTOpblX HeyflOBJreTBopeHHbie 

nOTpeBHOCTH (HaK H HHbie ^aKTOpbl, BKJIM- 

nasi ocTpo omymaeMoe b paMKax xphcth- 
aHCKofl hjih HCJiaMcKofi TpaflHitHH HepaBeH- 
ctbo) Hrpaioi poJib Macjia, noA-nHBaeMoro 

B OrOHb. 

C tohhh 3peHHH HOTeHi;HajibHbix ocjiom- 
HeHHfi Han6ojibiUHe onaceHHH BM3biBaeT 

CHTyaUHH B AtppHHe. I^HBHJIH3ai;HOHHO-pe- 
JIHrH03Hblfi ^aKTOp 3fleCb (xpHCTHaHCTBO H 

HcnaM) npw Bcefi noBepxHOCTHOcTH ero bo3- 

fleHCTBHfl HiweeT TOT we BeKTOp, 1TO H B 

cTpanax HCJiaMa h JlaTHHCKoft AiwepHKH, 
xoth oh 3Ha«iHTejibHO ocJia6jieH coxpaHeHH- 
eM Tpaft6ajiH3Ma, pa3flejiHioui.«ro aij)pHKaH- 
ijeB h Beflymero k rjiy6oKHM 3THonojiHTHie- 

CKHM KOH<j)JIHKTaiVI. KyjIbTypHaH OTCTa- 
JIOCTb BblpaJKaeTCfl, B HaCTHOCTH, B cjia- 

6ofi pficv,KnjiHHe Tpyfla h b orpoiwHOM po- 
CTe noTpe^HocTefl, HaMHoro nepeHpMBaH)- 

IHeM BKOHOMH^eCKHe B03MO3HHOCTH. BeC- 

npei;efleHTHbre TeMnw yBejiHHeHHH Hacejie- 

HHfl H HaCTHe CTHXHHHbie 6eflCTBHH, npHBO- 

flflmHe k MaccoBOMy rojiofly, eme Gojiee 
oSocTPHioT CHTyaiiHio b uejioM. AippHKa He 

B COCTOflHHH CeOfl npOHOpiWHTb — H 3TO 

Tpare/jHH rjw Hee. h6o noMomb b noflofi- 
HblX yCJIOBHHX He TOJILKO HeofixoAHMaH 



6. «M3 H MO» t& 8. 



81 



npeflnocbijiKa BbDKHBaHHfl, ho h onpeflejien- 
Hoe npenflicTBiie pa3BHTHio. Co3flaeTCH 3a- 
KcwiflOBaHHbift Kpyr: 6e3 noMomn Hejib3H, 
a peryjiflpHas noMoiub b cjioikhbiiihxch yc- 
jioBHflx He cnoco6cTByeT npoflBHJKeHHio b 
Rene caMoo6ecneieHHH. Kpoiwe roro, de- 
nenb coqwajibHoft (ocnojKHeHHofi TpaH-Sa- 
jih3mom) h eme 6oJiee nojiHTHiecKoft necTa- 

BHJIbHOCTH B A(ppHKe npH OTCyTCTBHH B 

GojibiiiHHCTBe cjiy^aeB TpaflHimft coocTBeH- 

HOH noJIHTHHeCKOfi KyjIbTypbl KpafiHe Bbl- 

coKa. Cjiobom, nepcneKTHBbi pa3BHTH« 
3flecb Aajieno He pa^yacHbi. 

Pa3yMeeTCi?, sto nacaeTCH jiwmb HanSo- 
jiee OTCTaJiofi ^acTH pa3BHBawmerocH mh- 
pa, HHJKHero nonca «flyr« pa3BHTHH». Biwe- 

CTe C T6M HejIb3H He BHfleTb, ^TO HOHC 3T0T 

He npOHBJiHeT TeHfleHU,HH k coKpameHHK). 
Cnopee nanpoTHB, oh Bee 3aiweTHee pacTfl- 

rHBaeTCfl H rp03HT OXBaTHTb 3HaHHTejlbHblfi 

ceraeHT flyra. H flajieKO He cjiyiaftHO mh- 
poBoe cooSmecTBO Hbme Bcepbe3 ct3bht bo- 
npoc o BbiflejieHHH ^acTH cpeflCTB, KOToptie 
MoryT 6biTb nojiy^eHbi b pe3yjibTaTe pa- 
3opyHceHHfl, Ha ijejiH noiwoiHH pa3BHBaio- 
meMycj? MHpy. Bonpoc jmiiib b tom, npHBe- 
fleT jih noiwomb H3BHe k ycKopeHHio ero 

C06CTBeHHOrO pa3BHTHH. Beflb flJIH flOCTH- 

HteHHfl HeoBxoflHMoro cTaHAapTa caiwooSec- 
ne^eHH^ ctpaHbi, o KOTOpbix HfleT pe<«>, 
flojuKHH n;o6HTbCH onpefleJieHHoro ypoBHH 
o6meK KyjibTypw h Kyjibxypbi Tpyn;a, Ha 
*rro yxoflHT flajKe He flecHTHJierofl, npn- 
^eM fioGHTbCi? 3Toro npn najiH^HH KpafiHe 

TOHKOrO CJIOH IiHBHJIH3aHH0HH0fl OCHOBbI H 
HH3K0r0 CTapTOBOrO ypOBHH pa3BHTHfl. 

TaKHM o6pa30M, npodjieiw y pa3BHBaio- 
merocfl MHpa HeMajio. Oh b uejioiw eme n;o- 
CTaTCJHo flaJieK ot KanHTaJiH3Ma eBponefi- 
CKoro THna, xoth 3JieMeHTM hoboh CTpyK- 
Typbi HaHanjiHBaroTCH h Koe-rfle npnGjiH- 
aaiOTCH k KpHTHiecKofl Macce. oCecne^H- 
Bajomefi nepexofl b HHoe KaiecTBO. rio- 
xojKe. xjto b 6y/ormeM sto HHoe Ka^ecT- 
bo Bbuibexc^ b CTpynxypy npoMescyTO^HO- 
ro THna. IlocjieflHHH 6yfleT 6a3HpoBaTbcn 
Ha Hopwiax TpaflHUHH, oBorameHHofi h fla- 
me TpaHccpopMHpoBaBiueHCH 6Jiaroflap« 
ycBoeHHio sjieiweHTOB eBpoKanHTajJHCTH^e- 

CKOH CTpyKTypbl. BHflHMO, B TOH HJIH HHOfl 
Mepe 9T0 KOCHeTCH H HHflHH, H KHTafl. 

B. Xepec: JleoHHfl CepreeBcm sbho Bbtwe/i 
aa npefle/ibi o6cywflaewoM Hawn Tewbi, no- 

CTSBHB BOnpOCbl. KOTOpbie, BHflHMO, MOryT 

cTaTb nacTbto 6yAyiu»x flHCKyccuw. Ho Mbi 
orpaHMMeHbi n npocTpaHCTsoM, m epeMeHeM. 
riosTOMy flaBafiie BepHeMcn k Bonpocy o 

TOM, Kyfla BCe-TflKH MflyT HhflHJl H KdTflM. 

/^. 4>ypmaH: Mae, flyMaeTCH, Hejib3n 
cKa3aTb, «Kyfla HflyT* Vlapfin h KHTaft, 
npodo noTOMy, mo pa3BHTHe npoflojiHca- 

eTCH, H B COBpeMeHHOM flHHaMH'lHOM MHpe 

Bee couHaJibHbie h Hfleojiorn^ecKHe ipopMbi 

OKa3bIBaiOTCH BpeMeHHblMH, HeyCTOH'iHBbl- 

mh, cMeHfltoTCfl oflna flpyrofi. Hhkto ae b 
coctohhhh yKa3aTb KOHevHbifi nyHKT pa3- 
bhthh. Mm He 3HaeM ero h He iworeeM 

EHaTb. Mbi B COCTOHHHH JlHUIb 3KCTpaHC3JIH- 

poBaTb cymecTByromHe TeHfleH^HH, koto- 

pbie npeACTaBJIHKTCH yCTOfiMHBHMH HflH 
HeoCpaTHMblMH. 

Caiwafl ycToiniHBaH TeRAeHu,HH — Hayi- 



Ho-TexHH^ecKoe pa3BHTHe. HeT toh CTeHbi, 
3a KOTopofi ot Hero mohcho 6bijio 6h cnpfl- 
TaTbCH. Ho «BnycTHTb» nayKy h xexHH- 

Ky — 3T0 3Ha^HT «BnyCTHTb» H pflfl HX CO- 

UHaJibHbix nocjieflcTBHft, npescfle Bcero pa3- 

PyilieHHe HeCOBMeCTHMblX C COBpeMBHHOH 

opraHH3au.Hef£ npoH3BOflCTBa cHCTeiw ^hkch- 
poBaHHbix HacjieflyeMbix CTaTycoB. npou,ecc 

3T0T MOffieT HflTH BeCbMa MeflJieHHO H 

TpyflHO. TpaflHU.HOHHbie HepapxHH o6jia- 

flaiOT 60JIbIIIHM 3anaCOM yCTOHMHBOCTH, 

Ohh MoryT KaMy$jiHpoBaTbC« h npwraTb- 
ch 3a HepapxHio HOBoro THna, Tan hto 
CpaxMas 6yfieT «HaBepxy» He noToiuy, ^to 
oh GpaxiuaH, a noTOMy, ito oh o6pa30BaH- 
Hbifi h yBaHcaeMbift yeJiOBen, BbiflBHHyTbifi 
Ha pyKOBOflnmyro paSoTy. Ho caiw 3tot na- 

My^JIHlK — npH3H3K OTCTynJieHHH. Bo3Bpa- 

THTbCH k rocnoflcxBy paflJKeft h GpaxiuaHOB 
h HHTaftcKoro HiwnepaTopa Taa we Hejib3H, 
KaK HeJib3H BepHyTbCH h BofiHe npn noiwo- 

Um CJIOHOB. 

TaK me Hepa3pwBHo cBH3aHo c Hay^HO- 
TexHHHecKHM nporpeccoM pa3pyuieHHe pe- 

JlHrH03HO-flOrMaTH*ieCKHX CHCTCM. OnHTb- 

TaKH MoryT npowcxoflHTb BCHKoro pofla pe- 
jiHrH03Hbie B03poH£fleHHfl. Ho 3to Bcerfla 

BO3p0WfleHHH C OflHOBpeMeHHblMH (HHorfla 

Ha nepBbift B3rju?fl HeBHflHMbiMH) OTCTynjie- 

HHHMH. HHflHHCKHfi KOMMyHaJIH3M, HanpH' 

Mep, c 6apa6aHHbiM 6oeiw npoB03rjiainaio- 

mHH B03BpaT K flpeBHHM TpaflHUHHM, BMe- 

CTe c Teiw OTKa3biBaeTCH ot KacTOBofi ch- 

CTeMbl. MoryT B03HHKaTb H HOBbie pejiH- 
rH03HO-flOrMaTHieCKHe CHCTeMbI, HO H OHH 

CKpbiBaiOT cboio npHpofly, KaK npHHyT ee 
Hacjieflyeiwbie HepapxHH, B hhx HeT toh 

HeKOJiefiHMOCTH, BeiHOCTH H «CaMOOieBHfl- 

hocth», Han b cxapbix pejiHrHHX. B xofle 
ofimecTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH MoryT npoJiHBaTb- 

CH peKH KpOBH, HO He MOJKeT 6bITb B03Bpa- 

meHHH Ha3aa, h BCTpe^aromnecH «peu.HflH- 

Bbl CpeflHeBeHOBbH*, pe3KHe nOHHHteHHH 
ypOBHH KyjlbTypHOH JKH3HH, K8H npaBHJIO, 

cBH3aHH c nofl-beiwoM k KyjibiypHoft h 06- 
mecTBeHHofi 3KH3HH paHee He yyacTBOBaB- 

UIHX B Hefl «HH3UIHX CJIOeB*, c fleMOKpa- 

TH3auHefi. 

JJyMaeTCi? TaKHce, hto Haflo 6tiTb oneHb 
ocxopojKHbiM c reHepa^H3aUHHMH THna 
«Boctok — 3anafl», «EBpona — A3H«» h 
t. n. CoBpeiueHHoe Hay^Ho-TexHHHecKoe 
pa3BHTHe cTapTOBajio b HecKojibKHX 3anafl- 
HoeBponeHCKHx cTpanax, npejKfle Bcero b 
AHrJiHH h rojiJiaHfiHH, o6JiaflaBiiiHX pjmoiw 

yHHHajIbHblX COi;HaJIbHbIX H HfleHHblX ycjio- 
BHfl, KOTOpbie CfleJIajIH B03MOJKHMM 3T0T 

«npopbiB», a 3aTeM pacnpocTpaHHJiocb 
Brjiyob h BuiHpb, Jioiwafl TpaAHrtHOHHbie 
cTpyKTypbi b flpyrHX eBponeiicKHX h HeeB- 
poneflcKHX CTpaHax. Ho bo3mo}khocth stoto 
«npopbiBa» 6wjiH HMeHHO b pnfle cTpaH, 
a He BOo6me b EBpone (b KOTopoft cyme- 
CTByeT h AjiCaHHfl) h He Boo6me b xphcth- 

aHCKOM MHpe (K KOTOpOMy OTHOCHTCH h 

S^JHonHH). Kpoiwe Toro, oaho fleJio — H30- 
6pecTH BeJiocnnefl h cosceiw flpyroe — Ha- 
yHHTbCH Ha Heiu xopouio KaTaxbCH. CTpa- 
Hbi, b HOTopwx npoi;ecc coBpeiweHHoro pa3- 
bhthh cTapTOBaTb He iwor, Teiw He iweHee 
npa onpeflejieHHbix o6cTOHTe;ibCTBax BejiH- 

KOJieHHO MOryT K HeMy nOflKJIEOHHTbCH. 



82 



MHe KaHceTCH, "ito HHor^a y Hac Ha 3afl- 
HeM njiaHe npHcyrcTByeT HenporoBapHBae- 
iwoe paccyjKfleHHe, a hmchho: ecjiH TaK 
6bui TpyfleH ny*Tb coBpeMeHHoro pa3BKTiia 
Pocchh, cxpaHbi Bce-iaKH eBponeficKOH, 
npHHafljieiKameft k xpHCTHaHCKOfi ijhbhjih- 
3au.HH, to nyTb a3HaTCKHx CTpaH aojiHteH 
6biTt eme TpyflHee. Ho 3to BOBce He o6h- 
3aTejibH0. H EBpona, h xpncTHaHCTBO oneHb 
pa3Hbie. To we mojkho cna3aT& h 06 A3hh. 

OTAeJIbHble CTpaHbl 3fleCb CTaJIKHBaiOTCH c 

pa3JiHMHbiMH TpyflHOCTHMH: onHpaacb na 
Te hjih HHwe acneKTbi yHacneflOBaHHbix 
KyjibTypHHx TpaflHUHft, ohh 6ojiee ycnem- 
ho M0flepHH3Hpyi0T oflHH CTopoHbr cBoero 
coijHajibHoro (5biTHH h menee — flpyrae. 
IlpH^eM BnojiHe mojkho sonycTHTb, hto He- 
KOTopbie a3HaTCKHe cxpaHbi oQjiaflaioT Ta- 

HHMH 6jiaronpHflTCTByK)mHMH MOflepHH3a- 
n,HH TpaflHUHHMH, KOTOpblX HeT BO MHOrHX 

CTpaHax EBponbi. 
B. Xopoc: MoweT 6bnb, 3TO nonoweHMe 

K3K-TO KOHKpeTM3MpOBaTb M HaMeTHTb 3aKO- 
HOMepHOCTM, BblXOflBLUMe 3a p»MKH M3Ben- 

hoh aHTme3bi «Boctok — 3anafl»? 

JS,. OypiwaH: fl npejuioie-n 6h nona 
AepwaTbCH MaTepnajia pacciviaTpHBaeMbix 

HaMH CTpaH. OieBHflHO, HeT HHK8KHX BH- 
flHMMX npH3HaK0B TOrO, MTO HHflHfl H KH- 

Taii MorjiH 6m caMH npHHTH k HayKe h 
TexHime coBpeMeHHoro THna h cBjreaHHbiM 

C HHMH COIlHajIbHbIM H HfleHHbIM (pOpMaM. 

Ho b tom, iToBbi «nepecaflHTb» hx na cboio 
noHBy, ohh bo MHoroM npeycnejm. 3;iecb 

yjKe MHOrO rOBOpHJIOCb 06 OCOfieHHOCTHX 

coBpeMeHHoro paaBHTHH Hhjihh h KHTaH, 
h h xoiy flonoJiHHTt CKa3aHHoe cpaBHeHH- 

€M 8JIHHHHH H3 3TO pa3BHTHe HX pejIHrH03- 
HblX CHCTeM. 

llepBoe H caivroe ocHOBHoe OTjiHHHe 3a- 

KJIIOiaeTCH B TOM, HTO HHflyH3M BblCTOHJI, 

a KOHtpyu,HaHCTBO pacnajiocb. H sto he 
CJiynaftHO. Ilpo'fflocTb HHflyH3Ma oo^hchh- 
eTCH paflOM npniHH. Bo-nepBbix, rjiy(5oKH- 

MH tpHJlOCOCpCKHMH KOpHHMH, cnOCOOHHMH 
BblAepjKHBaTb Hanop HOBblX 3HaHHH. Bo- 

BTOpbix, ero He ueHTpajiH30BaHHoft, He 3a- 
BHCHmeft or rocyflapcTBa, «caMoynpaBJiHio- 

meftCH» KaCTOBOH CHCTeMOft, yCTOftlHBOH 

no OTHomeHHK) k HCTopiraecKHM noTpflce- 
hhhm, flawe TaKHiw, nan anrnHftcKoe 3&Boe- 
BaHHe. B-TpeTbHx, ero HfleHHo-opraHH3au,H- 

OHHWM nJH0paJIH3M0M, CBH3aHHbIM C TeM, 

*jto b HHflyHCTCKOM KacTOBOM o6m,ecTBe 
CTaxyc 6paXMaHOB 6biji rapaiiTHpoBaH cpaK- 

TOM HX pOJKfl6HHfl TaHOBMMH — ITieHaMH 
BblCUieH KaCTbl, eflHHCTBeHHO OIOCOOHblMH 

BbinojiHHTb BaHtHefluiHe pejiHrao3Hbie o6p«- 

flbl. 9to 0CBO60JKflajl0 HX OT HeOOXOflHMO- 

cth ycTanaBJiHBaTb JKecTKyio H#eHHyio ahc- 

i;Hnj!HHy, OpTOflOKCHIO H C03flaB3Tb opraHH- 

3ai;Hio ijepKOBHoro THna. 06jraflaH a6co- 

J1IOTHO He3bl6jieMbIM CTaTyCOM, OHH MOI7IH 

nosBOJiHTb h cede, h flpyrHM Sojibrayio CTe- 
nenb HfleHHofi CBoSoflbi. Ho pa3 HeT eflH- 
HOft HteCTKOH OpTOflOKCHH, npoTHBopeHHe 
Toro fljiE HHoro BepOB3HHH H^H oGpHfla c 

HOBMMH 3HaHHHMH H HOTpeSHOCTHMH BOC- 

npHHHMaeTCH Kan iacTHoe npoTRBope- 
^He hmchho ;;aHHoro yieHHH h oSp'flAa, a He 
npoTHBope^He cHCTeMbr b uejiOM. Flpw Ta- 
khx oco6eHHOCTHx HHflyH3Ma npoueccbi ce- 



KyjinpH3anHH b HeM HflyT b (popme pe^jop- 
MaijHH, npH^eM He eflHHoro npouecca (pa3 

HeT yCTaHOBJieHHOfl opTOflOKCHH, TO He MO- 

Hcet 6biTb h eflHHoii pecpopMamm), a mho- 
HtecTBa MacTiryHbix pe^opMai^HOHHbix npo- 

H,eCCOB (B03HHKaK)T HOBbie pejIHrH03Hbie 

yneHHH, OTMHpaioT OTflejibHbie npaBHJia no- 

BefleHHH Tex HJIH HHblX KaCT H T. fl.). 

Bee CKa3aHHoe Bbime o npHHHHax ctoh- 

HOCTH HHflyH3Ma Ofi'bHCHfleT OflHOBpeMeHHO, 

noieiwy pacnajiocb KOH(pyuHaHCTBO. He 

HMeK>mee flOCTaTO^HO MOmHOH (pHJIOCOCp- 
CKOii OCHOBbI, HHKaKOH HHOft OpraHK3aitHH, 

KpoMe rocyflapcTBeHHoft, Hepa3pbiBHO cbh- 

38HH0e C UeHTpaJIH30BaHHbIM nOJIHTHHeCKHM 
yCTpOftCTBOM, KOHtpyilHaHCTBO He iworjio co- 

xpaHHTb He TOJibKo CBoero rocnoflCTBa b 
oBmecTBe, ho flame no3HUHtt b KaiecTBe 
onno3HHHOHHoft «napTHH-uepKBH». CeKyjiH- 
pH3an.K0HHbie nporteccw b KHTae cooTBeT- 
CTBeHHO iujih b (popMe He nocTeneHHbix pe- 
(pOpMaqHOHHblX H3MeHeHHH, a paflHKaJib- 
hoh CMeHW oahoh HfleojiorKH flpyrofl. 

B. Xopoc: Chxtofla, M3 oco6eHHOcT&M ljm- 
BnnM3anMOHHO-KyiTt.TypHoro cpyHflaMeHTa b 
MHflHw h Ktvrae, o^eBHflHO, nponcieKaeT h 

pa3HOTHnHOCTb HX DO/lMTHneCKOH MOflepHH- 
3SUMM? 

fl,. OypiviaH: Pa3yMeeTCfl. Pa3jiH^He npo- 
iteccoB ceKyjinpH3an,HH — sto h pa3JiHHHe 

(pOpM COI^HajIbHO-nOJIHTHHeCKOrO pa3BHTHH. 

CoxpaHHJicH HHflyH3M — npoflojiHcaroT cy- 
mecTBOBaxb h KacTbi h KacTOBaa Hepapxwn; 

3BOJIKmHOHHpyeT HHflyH3M H3MeHHeTCH 

h KacTOBaH HepapxHH, nocTeneHHO nepexo- 
rh b HepapxHM HOBoro THna: o6pa30BaHHH, 
6oraTCTBa, ehBophmx hojihchoctbh. Hhahh- 

CKHH DyTb — 3BO.TII0nHOHHbIH, KHTaft- 
CKHH — peBOJIIOiyiOHHblH. 3T0 He 3HaiHT, 

hto nepBMft nyTb MefljienHbift, a BTopofl 
6biCTpbiH. Ho nepsbift — njiaBHbitt, bto- 

POH CKa^K006pa3HbIH. 

Ee3ycJiOBHO, H^eojiorHH HHflHftcKoro Ha- 

UH0HaJIbHO-0CB060flHTejIbH0r0 flBHJKeHHH H 

coBpejweHHhjx napTHH CTpaHW — He HHfly- 
H3M, h ueHHOCTH, BonjiomeHHwe b CTpoe HO- 

BOH HHflKH, — He HHpyHCTCKHe. Ho 3TO H 

He KaKaa-To ajibTepHaTHBHan HHflyH3My mh- 

p0B033peHieCKafl CHCTeMa, a CJtOJKHblH CHH- 

Te3 coBpeMeHHbix i;eHH0CTefl (fleMOKpaTHH, 
nporpecca, HayKH, HanHOHajibHoft He3aBH- 

CHMOCTH) C pe(p0piHHpyK)m,HMCH HHflyH3- 
MOM, B KOTOPOM BCe BpeMH HmeTCH 060CHO- 

BaHHe 3thx ueHHOCTefi. B Hhahh He B03- 
HHKJia coBpeiweHHaH nojiHTiwecKan opTO- 

flOKCHH, paBHO KHK H B HHflyH3jwe He CJIO- 

jKHJiacb eflHHaH opTOflOKcajibHaii CHCTeMa 

BepOBaHHH. H eCJIH HHflJ'H3M 3a 3THM MH 

poM npeflnojiaraeT coBepuieHHO hhoh 
hcto^hhk Bcero cymero h hcthhhoh pe- 
aJibHOCTH — A6cojnoTa, BpaxMaHa, h co 

OTBeTCTBeHHO B TpaAHllHOHHOH KHflHH «nO 
3aflH» COIlHaJlbHOH noBceflHeBHOCTH H3X0- 

flHTCH iwnp OTpeuiHBinHxcfl ot Hee acKeiop, 
to nofloBHo 3TOMy b HfleojionraecKoft h no- 

JIHTH^eCKOH HCH3HH CTpaHbl CerO^HH eCTb 
BTOPOH, «rJiy6HHHMH» ruiaH, KOTOpblft 

BnojiHe npoHBHJicH yiKe b nauHOHajib- 

HO-OCBo6oflHTejIbHOM flBHJKeHHH. C OflHOH 
CTOpOHbl, HHflHHCKHH HailHOHajIbHblH KOH- 

rpecc — coBpeMeHHan CBeTCKaH fleMOnpa- 
THiecKafl opraHK3ai;HH. C flpyroft — pe 



83 



JlHrH03H0-pe<J)0pMaT0pCK0e flBHHteHHe, B03- 

rjiaBJiaeMoe cbatbim, acneTOM MaxaTMoft 
TaHflH, KOTopoMy He nyJKHM HHKaKHe no- 
ctw b HepapxHH — oh Kan 6bi «no Ty cto- 
poHy» (JjopMajibHoii opraHH3au.HH. Ho hmch- 
ho oh npHflaeT eft cony. H raHflH He hck- 
jiJoneHHe. HoBeftmafl hctophh Hhahh 3Ha- 
eT u,ejiyio njieflfly fleflTeJiefi 3Toro THna, xo- 
Tfl h MeHBiuero iwacuiTaGa, HypaiomnxcH 
(popiviajifaHofi BJiaCTH, ho noJib3yiomHxcfl 
KojioccajibHofi peajibHofl BJiacTbio nojiyno- 

JIHTHKOB-nOJiyCBHTHX. 

TaKHiw oOpasoM, pejiHrHH Bee BpeMH npH- 
cyTCTByeT b nojiMTHiecKOH )KH3HH, «nofl- 
nHpaeT» ee. He cjiynafiHo noJiHTHKH nacTO 
fleMOHCTpupyiOT cbok) pejiHrHo3HocTb, npH- 
cjiymHBaioTca k pejiHrH03HWM fleHTejiHM, 
a caivia nojiHTHnecKafl fleflrejibHOCTb nopofi 
npHHHMaeT (pop My KaKoro-TO acKeTHnecKo- 
ro noflBHra — nosra o6fl3aTejibHoro tk>- 
peMHoro 3aKJiK)MeHHfl 3a ynacTHe b pa3HO- 
ro pofla KaMnaHHHX rpaHtflancKoro HenoBH- 
HoBeHHfl, ronofloBoK nporecia n t. fl. 

B. Xopoc: A b KuTae? 

fl. *>ypMaH: TaM Bee HHaie. PacnaBme- 
eca KOHtpyH,naHCTBO ocTaBJifleT BawyyM, ko- 

TOpblH 3an0JIHfleTCH HOBOH IjejIOCTHOH 

HfleojioraeH, Ho 3to He 3HaHHT, ito koh- 

<J)yUHaHCTEO B OTJIHHHe OT HHflyH3Ma He 

BJiHHeT Ha HfleojiormecKoe h noJiHTHHe- 
CKoe pa3BHTHe CBoefi CTpaHbi. PacnaBiiiHCb, 

OHO OCTaBJlfleT 3a CO60H «npHBbryKH, mhcjih 

h iyBCTBa», B03fleticTByioiHHe Ha nocjieflyio- 
m,ee oCmecTBO 6ecco3HaTeJibHO, ho HHiyTb 
He MeHbiue, qeM HHflyH3M. KHTaeu, Mor 
pa3oqapoBaTbCH b KOH<pyu,HaHCTBe KaK Ta- 

KOBOM, HO HfleH, HTO KHTaH flOJltfteH 

ynpaBJiflTbCH Ha ochobc efl-HHoro yneHHH 
o npaBHjibHOM, cnpaBeflJiHBoM o6m,ecT- 

BeHHOM CTpoe, KOTOpblH H eCTb BblCUJafl 

lejioBeiecKan i^eHHocTb, coxpaHHJiacb. 

HMeHHO TaK, HeCOMHeHHO, 6bIJI BOCnpHHflT 
HIHpOKHMH KHTaHCKHMH MaCCaMH MapK- 

CH3M — HaK ropa3flo 6ojiee cepbe3Hoe, oc- 
HOBaTejibHoe, iem aiviop<pHaa Hfleojiorna 
roMHHbflaHa, yneHHe o cou,HajibHOH cnpa- 
BefljiHBocTH, rfle Toiwa MapKca — 3Hrejib- 
ca — JleHHHa — CiajiHHa — Mao U33fly- 
Ha BbinojiHflWT <J)yHKUHH KOH(f>yqHaHcKoro 

njJTHKHHJKHH, yieHHe, KOTopoe npH3BaHO 
bhobb npeBpaTHTb KHTaii, ho yttte He 3a- 

CTOHHblft, CJiaGblfi, a flUHaMH^Hblif H CHJIb- 

Hbifi, b eflHHyio ceMbio. H ecjiH coBpeiweH- 
Hafl HHflHficKaa noJiHTH^ecKaa H^eoJiorHfl 
aiviopipHa h «HecaMoflocTaToyHa», HyiKfla- 
eTca B ocBameHHH H3BHe, co CTopoHbi Tex, 
kto KaK 6m npHHaAJiewttT K HHOMy MHpy, 
MHpy pejIHFHH, TO KHT3HCKafl HfleojiorHH 
noxpeGHOCTH b stom He HcnbiTbiBaeT, KaK 
He HyiKflajiocb b noflnopne H3BHe KOHtpy- 
ijHaHCTBo. HaH KafiuiH, Mao I^33flyH, 4 3H 
CflonHH — He tpurypbi «bho cRCTeMbi» KaK 
TaHflH, ^KafinpaKaiu HapaHH, BHHofia 
BxaBe, a oJinqeTBopeHHe «CcKpajibHocTH» 
rocyaapcTBeHHofi c4)epbi b KHTae. KaK 
TaHflH — HacjieflHHK flpeBHHx h cpeflHeBe- 

KOBWX HHflyHCTCKHX CBHTblX, TaK H OHH Ha- 
CJieflHHKH KOH<pyU,HaHcKHX ■iHHOBHHKOB — 

jKpeqoB — y^eHbix. 

flCHO, MTO 3THM pa3HBIM nyTflM HfleOJIO- 
rHHeCKOrO pa3BHTHfl COOTBeTCTByiOT CBOH 
nOJIHTHHeCKHe (pOpMbl. JleOHHfl BopHCOBHH 



O^eHb npaBHJIbHO OTMeTHJI, HTO «BeCTMHH- 

CTepcKaa* cucTeMa Hh^hh npw ee hbho 
HH03eiwHOM npoHcxomfleHHH Bee me nycTH- 
jia rjiy6oKHe KopHH b hhahhckom oGmecT- 

Be, KOTOpoe CJIHfflKOM nJl^paJlHCTHHHO 

HfleojiorHiecKH h no^HTH^ecKK, qTo6bi b 
HeM Morjia yTeepflHThca KaKafl-JiH6o jjhk- 
TaTypa MeHbimiHCTBa. B Heiw cjihiukom 
CHjibHo noHTeHHe k pejiHrH03HHM npaBefl- 
HHKaM, 'jtoSbi apMHa Morjia npeTeHfloBaib 
Ha BaffiHyio noJiHTHiecKyio ponb. Cjihlu- 

KOM CHJIbHbl HHAyHCTCKHe HfleH KapMbI H 
MajIOH 3HayHMOCTH 3eMHOJi JKH3HH, HTOObI 

Morjia nooeflHTb eflHHafl araJiHTapHCTCKafl 
coqwajiBHafl flOKTpHHa. 

«BecTMHHCTepCKafl» cHCTeivia, xaKHM 
o6pa3oM, ecTecTBeHHa b Hhahh. Ho napJia- 

MeHTapH3M 3fleCb IIOKOHTCA H3 Tpa/JHUHO- 
HaJlHCTCKHX OCHOBaHHHX, H OHH BCe BpeMH 

nporjiflflbiBaioT HapyHiy, KaK 3aivia3aHHaH 
CTapafl CTeHonncb npocTynaeT nepe3 cjioh 

HOBOfi KpaCKH. fleMOKpaTHMeCKHM nyTeM, 
fl06pOB0JIbHO HHftHHUbl H3fiHpaiOT Ha Befly- 

mufi rocyaapcTBeHHbifi nocT npeflcTaBHTe- 
jiefi oahoS h to we ceiwbH, npHHafiJieHta- 
5Kau;eH k oflnoft H3 bbiciuhx CpaxMaHCKHx 
KacT. B napjiaMeHTe 3aceflaioT MHorne fle- 
MOKpaTHHecKH H36paHHbie KHH3bfl. 3a 
napTHHHoft 6opb6oft neTKo npocTynaiOT 
ckjiokh KacTOBbix rpynnHpoBOK, B Hee ne- 

pHOflHHeCKH BpblBaMTCU <J)HrypbI «CBaTbIX». 

B oneHb fleMOKparaHecKOM oCmecTBe Bep- 
THKajihHafl MoCujihHocTb oHeHh cjia6a u 
oneHb BejiHK pa3pbiB Meatfly 6oraTCTBOM 
oflHHX h HHmeTofi flpyrHx. 

H KaK fljiH HHflHH, Ha moh B3rjisfl, ecie- 
CTBeH napjiaMeHTapH3M, TaK fljia KHTaa c 
ero KoH<pyi;HaHCKOH TpaflHi;HeH oh rjiyfioKO 
lyntfl. XapaKTepHQ, ^to flaate TafiBaHbCKHe 

ITpaBHTeJIH, flJIH KOTOpblX TaK MHoro 3Ha- 

hht oGmecTBeHHoe MHeHHe 3anafla h koto- 
pbie Bca^ecKH CTpeMflica npoTHBonocra- 

BHTb CBOH nOpflflKH KOHTHHeHTaJIbHbIM, 

MHoronapTHHHyio cHCTeiwy BBecTH He mo- 
ry*r. KHTaeit npny^eH, ^to MoweT 6biTb 
jiHiiib oflHo, HCTHHHoe y^eHHe o cnpaBefl- 
jthbom o6mecTBeHHOM crpoe H npaBHTb 

flOJIJKHbl Te, KTO JiyHUie 3HaeT 3TO HCTHH- 
Hoe yneHHe. Kan coBpeMeHHafl KHTafl- 
cKafl HfleojiorifH — npeeMHHua KOH^yaHaH- 
cTBa, Tan H HepapxHfl raHb6y — npeejw- 
HHi^a HepapxHH meHbuiH. 

B. Xopoc: Pa3/iM4Hoe Ky/ibTypHoe Hac/ie- 
flwe nopojKfleeT pa3/iM4Hbie MflefiHO-nonMTM- 
MecKVie ipopMbi m cooTBeTCTBeHHo paaHbie 
npo6/ieMbi. KaKOBbi we ohm Ha ashhom btb- 
ne b Mhamu h KuTae? 

A. 4>ypMan: B Hhahh ohm, oneBHflHO, 
npeHtjie Bcero CBH3aHbi c oTHocmejibHOH 
cjiafiocTbio coBpeMeHHoro rocyflapcTBa, oc- 
HOBaHHoro Ha fleMOKpaTHnecKHx npHHqn- 
nax. HHflHficKHe rocyflapcTBa HHKorfla He 

gbUIH npO'JHbl, HHflHHi;bI OieHb CnoKOHHO 

OTHocHJiHcb k pacnafly i;apcTB, bo3hhkho- 

BeHHK HOBblX, flEUKe, KaK MHe KaJKeTCfl, K 

npHXofly 3aBoeBaTejiefi. H cefiiac b Hhahh 
jioflJibHocTb k rocyaapcTBy h k coBpeMen- 
HMM noJiHTiwecKHM napTHHM Bee BpeMH ne- 
peBeiiiHBaeTca jiofljibHOCTbio k KacTaM, A3bi- 
kobbim rpynnaiw, pejiHrH03HbiM oGmHHaM. 
CTpaHa Bee BpeMH pa3flHpaeTCH 6opb6ofi 

He CTOJIbKO napTHH, CKOJIbKO oSmHocTefl, 



84 



Be^yiijHx cBoe npoHcxontfleHHe H3 AajieKo- 
ro npouiJioro. KacTOBaa nepapxnn He npn- 

3HaeTCfl KipHflH'ieCKII H pa3MbIBaeTCH (p aK_ 

THiecKH. Ho 3to BHaHHT, *jto 6opb6a KaCT 
MOHteT aante ycHJiHBaTbcn. C apyrofi cto- 

POHW, HHflyHCTaiM, pa3flejieHHHM Ha KaCTbl 
H CeKTbl, HHKOrfla He 6bIJ10 CBOHCTBeHHO 
CHJIbHOe MyBCTBO «MbI — HHflyHCTbIS>. CeH- 

iac, no iwepe pa3MbiBaHHH KacroBofi ch- 

CTeMbl, 3T0 qyBCTBO paCTeT H COOTBeTCTBeH- 

ho BcnbixHBaeT pejiHrH03Ho-o6mHBHaH 6opb- 
6a. PaHbme HHflycbi pa3Hbix HacT He MorjiH 
06'beflHHHTbCfl b TOJiny norpOMfflKKOB — 
cefiiac o^eHb name MoryT. IIoBbiniaeTCH 

rpaMOTHOCTb, pa3BHBaiOTCH MecTHbie H3bl- 
HH — H B03HHKaeT B03M05KHOCTb npOTHBO- 
nOCTaBJieHHH H3MK0B0H HfleHTH(pHKaU,HH 

(mbi — TaMHJibi, mm — iwapaTXH) oGmeHH- 
^HfiCHOMy naTpH0TH3My. Xoth Hhahh 

CMOrJia flOOHTbCH He3aBHCHM0CTII 6e3 OCT- 
pblX COUHaJIbHblX KaTaKJIH3MOB, HO K36e- 
JKaTb OJKeCTOieBHOft 60pb6bl peJIHrH03HbIX 
OOIHHH — HHflyHCTCKOH H iwycyjibMaH- 

cKofi — h pa3fle.na cTpaHbi oHa He CMorjia. 
H ceiiiac caiwbifl cjioHtHbift koh(J)jihkt — 

CHKXCHO-HH/jyHCTCHHft. E/JHHCTBO HHflHH, 

HopiwanbHoe (pyHMyroHHpoBaHHe ee hhcth- 
TyTOB Bee Bpeiwfl b onacHocTH, xoth onac- 
HOCTb ara hcxoaht ot MHOJKecTBa othoch- 

TeJIbHO JLOKaJIbHblX KOHCpJIHKTOB, C KOTOpbl" 

mh noKa *ito yflaeTCH cnpaBHTbca. 

TpyflHocTH KHTafl — coBceiw rmoro po- 

fla. EflHHCTBO CBOefi CTpaHbl HaCTOJIbKO He- 
COMHeHHO flJIfl KHTaftU,€B (KaK eCTb eflHHoe 

He6o Hafl HaMH, Tan ecTb h eflHHaH IloflHe- 
6ecHaH), ^to flante TaftBaHbCKHe npaBHTejiH 
He moryT OTKa3aTbCH ot (pHKUHH, ito ohh 

H eCTb npaBHTeJIbCTBO KHT3H. Hctokh 3T0- 

ro. oieBHflHO,— TpaflHUHOHHas HflefiHafl H 

MOpaJIbHaH MOHOJlHTHOCTb KHTaRCKOrO 06- 

mecTBa. H ecnn Hhhhh cTpaflaeT ot Heflo- 

CTaTO^HOH HHTerpHpOBaHHOCTH HHflHHH.eB B 

CBoe rocyflapcTBO, to KHTafl, ecjiH TaK 

M03KHO BbIpa3HTbCH, OT Hpe3MepH0fi JIO- 
flJIbHOCTH H 3aHHTepeC0BaHHOCTH. OflHa H3 
BaJKBefilUHX MaHCHM HOHCpyHHaHCTBa, BO- 
UieflHIHX B njIOTb H KpOBb KHTaHIjeB, — MO- 

paJibHMft flojir BoccTaTb npoTHB njioxoro 
npaBHTejia. HivinepaTop — OTeu, ho ecJiH 
oh HEHo He OTeu, to oh h He HiwnepaTop. 
He6o OTHHMaeT y Hero «MaHflaT». flosTO- 
iwy KHTafi — KJiaccnqecKaH CTpaHa Boccia- 
HHfi, He ycTaHaBJiHBaromHX hobwh ctdoh, 
a BoccTaHaBJiHBaiom.HX HaqHHaioin.HH pac- 
na,aaTbCH, «KoppyMnHpoBaTbCfl» CTapbifi. 
KHTaeii He 6yfleT nonopHo cnocHTb coiih- 
ajibHyio HecnpaBefljiHBOCTb. Ob OTHioflb He 
l cTpeMHTcn caiw BbiGnpaTb npaEHTejiefi h 
totob nofliHHHTbCH qHHOBHHqbeft Hepap- 
xhh. Ho eiwy Haflo 6biTb yBepeHHbiivi, ^to 
3to HepapxHH Myflpbix npaBHTe^efi, 3a6o- 

THIUHXCH O HapOfle. H B COfiblTHHX HOBeft- 

uiefl KHTaiicKOH hctophh — no6efle ro- 

MHHbflaHOBIieB, 3aTeM KOMMyHHCTOB, 

KyJIbTypHOii peBOJItOItHH, JlHKBHflal{HH 

«6aHflbi qeTbipex*, — Ha iwoft B3rJiHfl, ot- 
ieTji.HBO nporjiHflbiBaeT flpeBHHH iwoflejib 
repHOflHqecKofi HacHJibCTBeHHoft ciweHbi 
KoppyMnHpoBaHHofi HepapxHH hoboh. «hh- 

CTOH». TOJIbKO B COBpeMeHHOM KHTae KpH- 
TepHH COU.Ha.?IbHOH CHpaBeflJlHBOCTH CTaHO- 

bhtch MeHee onpeflejieHHbiMH. 



Ceftiac KRTafi aoShjich KOJioccanbHHX 
ycnexoB, pacKpenocTHB 9K0H0MHKy, no- 
cjieflOBaTejibHO npoBOflH npHHiiHnbi iwaTe- 

pHaJIbHOfi 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTH. HO 3T0 

03Ha^aeT B03HHKH0BeHHe r^y6oKHX Hiwy- 
meCTBeHHbix pa3JinqHH, cnpaBeflJiHBOCTb 

KOTOPBIX Bcerfla COMHHTejIbHa. OneBHflHO, 

OMeHb BajKHan fljifl KHiaa npofijieivia Hbi- 
He — nan™ KOMnpoMHec Mentfly Hiwnepa- 
THBaMH coBpeivieHHoro pa3BHTHH h opra- 

HHTOblM flJIH HHTafiCHOH TpaflHI^MH Tpe60- 

BaHHewi naTepnajiHCTCKOro rocyflapcTBa, 
3a6oTflinerocfl o noAflaHHbix h cjieflnmero 
3a coQjiiofleHHeM cnpaBeflJiHBOcra. 

TaKHM 06pa30M, H3 HeCXOflCTBa peJiH- 

rno3Hbix TpaflHUHii Hhahh h Knian BbiTe- 
KaioT HecxoflcTBO h flaHte npoTHBonojioiK- 
HOCTb cnocoSoB penieHHH ceroflHHiiiHHx 
npoSjieiw. Ohh co3flaiOT pa3Hbie TpyflHO- 

CTH A-^IH COBpeMeHHOrO pa3BHTHH, HO Ofl- 

HOBpeaieHHo coflepmaT h pa3Hbie to^kh 
onopbi fljiH Hero. TaK, Hhahh He Haflo iwy- 

qHTejLbHO Bbipa6aTbIBaTb MHpOB033peH1e- 

CKyio TepnHMOCTb — efi HyiKHo Jianib «ne- 

pelUlaBHTb?> TpaflHUHOHa^HCTCKyK) TepnH- 
MOCTb, Hepa3pbIBH0 CBH3aHHyiO C KacTO- 
BblM CTpoeiW, E TepnHMOCTb COBpeMeHHOrO 

THna. Efi He Haflo co3flaBaTb BbiSopnbre 

fleMOKpaTH^eCKHe HHCTHTyTbl, HyiKHO JIHEUb 

coxpaHHTb h pa3BHBaTb cymecTByiomHe. 
KHTaio JKe He Haflo npeoflOJieBaTb TpaflH- 
itHOHajiHCTCKyio HepapxHio HacJieflCTBeHHO 
nepeflaBaeMbix cTaTycoB, flo6HBaTbcH 3a- 
HHTepecoBaHHocTH Hapofla b rocyflapcTBe, 
noHHMaHHH Toro, qTo 3to ero rocyflapcT- 

BO, — HyjHHO JIHIUb OCBOOOHtflaTbCH OT flOr- 

MaTH^ecKoro h naTepHa^HCTCHoro OTHorue- 
HHH k HeMy. 

HHflHfl H KHTafl pa3BHBaKTCH KajKflblft 

cbohm h otjihihkim ot flpyroro nyTeM, ho 

B OflHOM HanpaBJieHHH — H SKOHOMHKe, 

Bee 6osee ocHOBbiBaiomeficH na HaynHo- 
TexHHnecHOM nporpecce, h k coqHa^bHo- 
nojiHTimecKHM h HfleoJiorHHecKHM CTpyn- 
Typaiw, Bee 6oJiee flHHaMHHHbiM, He aorMa- 

THHeCKHM H fleMOKpaTHMeCKHM. Ohh HflyT 

b 3T0M HanpaBJieHHH, noTowiy mto HHoro b 
coBpeMeHHoii hctophh, noxoHte, npocTo He 
flaHo. 

B. Xopoc: BhixoflMT, uto pacnaBiueecs koh- 

<f)yHMaHCTBO B/1MH6T Ha COBpeMBHHOe pa3BM- 

TMe KhTan He MeHhixie, xeM coxpaHMBixiHHCH 
HHflyM3M Ha ceroflHULUHee pasBMTHe Mhamm? 
TyT, MHe KaweTCfl ecTb naKan-To HecocTbi- 

KOBaHHOCTb. 

A. 3y6os: H He CTaJi Gbi TaK ym pe3Ko 

npOTHBOnOCTaBJlflTb HblHeuiHlOIO HHflHH- 
CKyK) peJIHrH03HOCTb H KHTa&CHHH 3TeH3M. 

B paBHofi cTeneHH Bpnfl jih npaBOiwepHO 
pe3Ho pasrpaHHqHBaTb HanpaBJieHHH no- 
jiHTH^iecKofi M0flepHH3ai;HH b Hhahh h Kw- 
Tae. B .HnoHHH, cKaHteM, rfle AHBHJiH3au,H- 

OHHO-KyJIbTypHafl OCHOBa 6jIH3Ka K KHTaft- 

ckoh, npHBHjicH napjiaMeHTapH3M, cxofl- 

Hblfi no CBOHM (pOpiViaM C HHflHfiCKHM. 
3^eCb H flOMHHaHTHOnapTHHHOCTb, H JIH1- 

HocTHbie opHeHTaUHH H36HpaTejieft, h 
CKJiOHHocTb k HOHceHcyaJibHOCTH npH npH- 
hhthh peiueHufi, h HacjieflyeMOCTb 3aMe- 
meHHH flojiJKHocTefi. y^eHbie, ocymecT- 
BJiflBiiiHe noJieBbie HCCJieflOBaHHH h b flnoH- 
ckoh «rjiy6HHKe3>, h b ropoflcKHx iieHipax, 



85 



HaBHo yiKe o6HapyiKHJiH, trro Ha noBe^e- 
HHe yMacTHHKOB nojiHTH*iecKoro npou,ecca 

BJ1KHIOT FJLaBHblM D6pa3DM npHHUHIIbl flOJI- 

ra, iejioBeMecKHX lyBCTB h 3eMjiHiecTBa. 
Xoth flJiH 3anaflHoro nojiHTOJiora — 3to 
3K30TKKa, ho Ha BocTOKe TaKHe opneHTa- 
uhh BnojiHe thohmhw. K npniwepy, b hh- 

flHHCKOH nOJlHTH^eCKOH JKH3HH OHH npOHB- 
JIHK3TCH IIOBCeMecTHO. 

IIoaTOMy, flyMaio, Het ocHOBaHHft chh- 

TaTb, HTO pa3JIHHKe HblHeiHHHX KHTaHCKHX 
H HHflHHCKHX nOJIHTHHCCKHX IpOpM KOpe- 

hhtch b UHBKjiH3ai;HOHHOH h, KaK noJiara- 

eT flMKTpHH EcpHMOBHS, B peJIHrH03HOH 

cneuncpHKe IOjkhoh A3hh h flaJibHero Bo- 
cTOKa. CKopee aToiwy ecTb KaKHe-To Bojiee 

^aCTHbie, KOHKpeTHbie o6"bHCHeHHH. B npHH- 

unne Hte KHTaio He 3aKpbiT nyTb k napjia- 
MeHTapH3My, paBHo KaK h jjjih Hhhhh 60- 
jiee aBTopHTapHaH cwcTeiwa He HBJiaeTca 

HeB03MOJKHOH. IloflOGHO flpyrHM 3aHMCTBO- 

saHHHM, sanaflHan aeMOKparaH npHBHBa- 
eTCH TaM h TaK, rfle h KaK noTpe6Ho rbh- 
HOMy oSmecTBy, He iweHHH ero UKBHJiH3a- 
UHOHHofi cneurapHKH, ho oooraman h yK- 
penjiHH ee. Xoth b 6jiHHtaHuieM oyjjymeM 
HbiHeuiHHe nojiKT;«ecKHe (popiwbi pa3BH- 

THH B 3THX CTpaHaX, IlOBHflHMOMy, COXpa- 
HHTCH. 

B. Xopoc: HCenaeT nn KTO-nw6yflb eaie bm~ 
CKa3aTbcn no 3aTpoHyTMM Bonpocaw? 

M. HeaiKoB; H xoTeji 6bi BepHyTbc« ot 

paCCMOTpeHHH KOHKpeTHblX COBpeMeHHblX 

npofrneiw k BonpocaM xeopeTHKO-MeTO/io- 
jiorn*iecKHM. TeM SoJiee ito flnajior JTeo- 
HHfla EopHcoBH^a AjiaeBa h JleoHHjja Cep- 
reeBH^a BacHJiteBa flajieKo Bbiiueji 3a paiw- 
kh MemcTpaHOBbix cpaBHeHHft h pa3Bep- 

HyjICH B KOHTeKCTe COnOCTaBJieHHH flOKO- 
JIOHHaJIbHOrO H nOCTKOJIOHHajIbHOrO MH- 
POB HJIH — npH Bcefi yCJIOBHOCTH 3THX 

noHHTHfl — BocTOKa h «TpeTbero MHpa». 
MeHH HHTepecyeT b nepByio o^epeflb npe- 
eiwcTBeHHOcTb Memfly 3Thmh MHpaMH, no- 

CKOJIbKy TpyflHO BOHHTb «TpeTHH Mnp» 6e3 

BocTOKa, a HsyseHHe nocTKOJiOHHaJibHoro 
MHpa Moffiex OKa3aTbCH no/ie3HbiM hjih no- 

HHMaHHH HeKOTOpblX aCneKTOB flOKOJIOHH- 

ajibHMx ofimecTB. 

HauiH rjiaBHbie coCeceflHHKH y6e£HTeJib- 
ho noKa3aJiH HaM, HacKOjibKO npo^Hhi h 

SHaHHMbI B HblHeUIHHX pa3BHBaiO]HHXCH 

dpaHax oTflejibHbie acneKTbi nyjibTypHbix 
TpaAHltHH — KflCT jih pe^b o coxpaneHHH 
HeHCTopKnecKoro BocnpHHTKH MHpa b Mac- 

COBOM CD3HaHHH (HHflHH), 3raJIHTapHCT- 

ckhx npeflCTaBJieHHtt (KHTafi) hjih npHH- 
HHna HepapxH^HOCTH coi^HajibHoro nopflfl- 
Ka (o6e cTpaHbi). HHTepecHo HaMeneHa y 

HHX H npo6jieMa pa3BHTHH caMoft TpaflH- 

i;hh, Ha 6a3e CBoflcTBeHHoro efl cnoco6a 

JT£rHTHMH3ar(KH OTKJIOHeHHft OT HopMbl. Jle- 
rHTHMH3ai(HH OTKJIOHeHKfi Ha ypoBHe co- 

ilHaJibHoro noBeneHHK («6ynt — nejio npa- 
Boes>), KajKeTCH, HeceT b cede fioJibume 
bo3moikhocth RJifl pa3BHTHH b npeflejiax 
TpaflHi;KH (KHTafi), HewtejiH Ha ypoBHe hh- 
flHBHflyajibHoro noBeflerffla (Hh^hh). B 
KOHTeKCTe Hte HaiHHatomeflcH (H3BHe) mo- 

flepHH3aqHK nOTeHI^HH K pa3BHTHIO 3THX 
BKflOB TpaflHUHH KaK 6bl MeHHIOTCH MeCTa- 
MH HJIH, BO bCHKOM CJiy^ae, BblHBJIfllOT- 



CH B pa3JIHSHbIX nyTHX pa3BHTHH (peBO^io- 

i;hh h 3BOjiKmHn). HecMOTpH Ha 3TH cy- 
iyecTBeHHbie otjihmhh, b o6ohx cjiy^aax 

npH3HaeTCH yCTOHMHBOCTb TpaflHUHH B 

«TpeTb6M Mnpe», H OH paccMaTpHBaeTcs, 
no cymecTBy, •lepes ee npHSMy. fijia xa- 
Koro noflxo^a ecTb HeiwaJio ocHOBaHHfl. Ho 

B03HHKaWT H BOnpOCbl. 

Ito me cofiofi npeflcTaBJifleT TpaflHUHH 
y JI. B. AfiaeBa h Jl. C. BacHJibeBa? 3to 
h cnocofi noflflepw<aHHfl cTafiHJibHocTH, na- 
ffie CTarHauHH, h nyTb pa3BHTHH; h He^xo 
Bpofle (popjwauHH («(J)eoflajiH3Ma«> h «a3H- 
aTCKoro cnocoSa npoH3BoflcTBa»); h coi;h- 
aJibKaH cHCTeivia; h i;HBHJiH3ai;HH (h oflHa, 
ho b flByx BapHaHTax, h flBe, a to h TpH 
i;HBHjiH3auHH). Ecjih ee h mojkho BHpa- 

3HTb OflHOSHa^HO, TO JlMIllb HO OTHOIIieHHK) 

k 3anaAy, KaK hcito «He3anaflHoe». Jleo- 
HHfl CepreeBHH npe^JiaraeT nOHHMaHHe 
ofimHOcTH «TpeTbero MHpa» qepe3 «cboio» 

(KHTaifcKyK)) TpaflHUHOHHyiO MOflejIb, BO- 

njiomeHHyio b floMHHaHTe rocyflapcTBeHHO- 
ro Ha^ajia. fl noJiHocTbio pa3flejiHio TO'iKy 
3peHHH o «TpeTbeiw MHpe* Kan 06 o6ihho- 
cth. Toiho TaK me a BnojiHe totob, ysw- 
TbiBafl moh npomjibie paCoTbi, Bbipa3HTb 
flaHHyre oSuyiocTb ^epe3 Ty KopnycKyny, 
KOTopyio oh Ha3bjBaeT «rocBJiacTbio-co6- 
CTBeHHOCTbK)». CnopHo hjih no MeHbllieft 
Mepe npoSjieMaTHMHO, Ha moh B3rjiHfl, oto- 
WflecTBjieHHe stoh KopnycKyJibi c ee Tpa- 

flHlJHOHHblM (a3HaTCKHM, KHTaHCKHM) aHa- 

jioroM. nonpo(5yio bto noacHHTB. 

ripeflCTaBJIHeTCfl, ^ITO COUHajIbHO-SKOHO- 

MH^ecKoe coflepmaHHe fiaHHofi KopnycKyjiw 
b HbiHeuiHHX pa3BHBaiou;Hxcfl CTpaHax Ka- 
fecTBeHHo HHoe, nejKejiH b ee HcTopHHe- 
ckom (TpaflwrtHOHHOM) anajiore. HenocpeA- 
cTBeHHwe npoH3BoRHTejTH sflect yme He co- 
eflHHeHbi «ecTecTBeHHos> co cpeflCTBaMH 

npOH3BOflCTBa, HO yTpaTHJIH 3Ty CBH3b, 
B TOH HJIH HHOH 4> P Me OTfleJieHbl OT 
CpeflCTB npOH3BOflCTBa. rio3TOMy, xoth tj>e- 
HOMeH «roCBJiacTb-co6cTBeHHOCTb» coxpa- 

HfleTCfl B HblHeiUHeM pa3BHBaK51HeMCH MHpe 

h flame 3aHHMaeT floMHHHpyiomHe no3H- 
hhh, ero coflepwaHHe cymecTBeHHo H3Me- 
HHjiocb. Mojkho Hcnojib30BaTb Tanoe cpaB- 
HeHHe: Ha npemHeft KpHCTajuiH^ecKOH «ro- 
cyjjapcTBeHHOH* pemeTKe BocnpoH3BOAflTca 
pa3Hbie cou^iajiBHbie o6pa30BaBHH — Ka- 

nHTa JIHCTHMeCKHe , COHHaJIHCTHSe CKHe, 

HeOTpaflHI^HOHaJlHCTCKHe. HHMMH CJIOBa- 
MH, HToSbl OTBeTHTb Ha BOnpoC, COXpaHHCT 
JIH CBOK) yCTOftHHBOCTb $CHOMeH («rOC- 
BJiaCTb-COOCTBeHHOCTb^) HJIH HeT, Heo6- 

xorhmo npn ero aHajiH3e OTReJiHTb npna- 
i^hd npHMaTa rocBjiacTH (uiHpe hojihthkh) 

OT COCTaBJIHIOlUHX flaHHblft (JeHOMeH 3Jie- 
MeHTOB (BJiaCTH-CoCcTBeHHOCTH). IlOCKOJIb- 

Ky Ha3BaHHbiH npHHUHn pafioTaeT h b Tpa- 

AHUHOHHOM, H B COBpeMCHHOM COUHyiwaX, 

to oh caM no cede He ecTb hh TpaAHUHOH- 

Hblft, HH COBpeMeHHblft. llpenflTCTByeT MO- 

£epHH3au,HH He stot npHHijHn, a TaKan 

CBH3b rOCBJiaCTH H rOCCOOCTBeHHOCTH, Kor- 

fla BTopoe ecTb Jiniiib SKOHOMH^ecKaa pea- 
jiH3ai;Hfl nepBoro, «rro 3aflaeTca yiK€ 06- 

mHM ypOBHeM (H THnOM) pa3BHTHH. 

Ranee. Te3Hc 06 ycTOft^HBocTH TpaflH- 
ilHOHHoro ipeHOMCHa «rocBJiacTb-co6- 
cTBeHHocTb* He oneHb pa6oTaeT npn cpaB- 



86 



HeHHH nOCJiepeBOJIK)L(HOHHbIX ogmecTB 

Khthh h, cKajKeM, Pocchh. Ilo jiorHKe 
Jl. C. BacHJibeBa nojiyiaeTCH, hto ieM 

npOIHee COHHaJIbHO-HCTOpHTCCKHe KOpHH 

3Toro HBJieHHH, Ten nojiHee oh BOcnpon3- 

BOflHTCH Ha CTaflHH MOflepHH3aU.HH (H Ha- 

o6opo*r). OflHaKo b KHTae, rfle STaTHCT- 
cKHe TpaflHUHH HaMHoro flpeBHee, hokcjih 
b Pocchh, «rocBJiacTb-co6cTBeHHOCTb» 
b nocnepeBOJijou.HOHHbiH nepwofl 0Ka3ajiacb 
MeHee npoROJiJKHTejibHoft (npHiwepHo flBa 
HecHTHJieTHiJ npoTHB ceMii), MeHee ycTofi- 

TOBOH («KyJTbTypHai3 peBOJIK)U.Hfl», 

He HMeromaH aHajiora y Hac) h Sojiee cno- 
coShoh k caMonpeo6pa30BaHHK> (ycnex 
nypca «^ieTbipex M0flepHH3au.HH» npHMep- 
ho 3a ^ecHTH^eTHe npoTHB HeyflaiHbix no- 
nMTOK pecpopM b coBe-rcKOM odiyecTBe b Te- 
qeHHe Tpex flecflTKOB Jiex). Bh^hmo, «ro- 
cyflapcTBeHHbift reHOTHn» b KHTae 6hji 
cymecTBeHHO noflopBaH 3a nocjieflHHe cto 
jief. Hto JKe Kacaeicfl CCCP, to (peHOMeH 

«r0CBJiaCTb-C06CTBeHH0CTb» IIOJiyiHJI 3fleCb 
flOTIOJIHHTeJIbHbre HMHyjIbCbl K pa3BHTHK) 

b pe3yjibTaTe fleficTBHH pasjiHSHbix (paKTO- 

POB — BpeiVteHHOft H30JIHUHH H BpaiKfle6H0- 
TO OKpyHteHHH, Heo6xOflHMOCTH yCKOpeHHOH 

HHflycTpHajiH3auHH h yKpenjreHHfl o6opo- 
Hbl, pa3H0P0flH0CTH Hain-iOHajibHoro COCTa- 
Ba, CTaTyca BejiHKoft flepmaBH h B03pom- 

fleHHH COOTBeTCTByiOinHX TpajIHIlHH. Qrcio- 

fla — MHoroe H3 Toro, ito ofiHapyHCHJio 
CBofi HCTopniecKH irpexoflHiuHft xapaKTep 
b npouecce irepecTpoftKH: ranepTpocpHpo- 
BaHHaH aflMHHHCTpaxHBHafl cHCTeiwa, 
KOMaHflHbie (h 3aTpaTHbie) Metoflbi ynpaB- 
jieHHH 3K0H0MHK0H, BceoxBaTMBaiomee 
iuiaHHpoBaHHe, cBepTbiBaHHe TOBapHo-fle- 

HOKHblX OTHOUieHHft H T. fl. 

flyMaeTCH, ^to BBe^eHHoe JI. C. Ba- 
CHJibeBbiM noHHTHe «rocy^apcTBeHHbiH 
cnocoo" npoH3BOflCTBa» nona HeflocTaTOHHo 
pa3Me»eBaHO (hjih cocTMKOBai-io) c naie- 
ropHHMH KyjibTypojiorniecKHMH h couho- 
jiorHiecKHMH, a TaKHte c KaTeropHeft 06- 

meCTBeHH0-3K0H0MHMeCK0fi IpOpMaUHH. IIO- 

CKOjibKy oh npH3HaeT Hajinrae Ha TpaflH- 
iihohho'm BocTOKe «eme He ocpopmhbuihxch 

KJiacCOB», TO MOHCHO HHTepnpeTHpOBaTb STO 

noHHTHe b flyxe hjih coxpaHHiomeftcH «ap- 

XaH1H0R» (pOpiWaUHH, HJIH K8K CHMITTOM 
3apOHCflaK)meHCH (pOpMaHHOHHOCTH, T0 

ecTb nepexo/ia ot nepBHTOOfi (Manpo-)(pop- 
iwauHH ko BTopH^Hofi (no K. MapKcy), 
k oGmecTBawi KjiaccoBoro THna. Boctok, 
Kan h 3anafl. CKJiaflwBaeTcn b pycjie (pop- 
iwauHOHHoro pa3BHTH«, ho nepBbiii ocTaeT- 
ch Ha 3Tane 3apo3«flaioiij,eftcH cpopivtauHOH- 
hocth, a BTopoft iepe3 pan STanoB peajiH- 

3VeT CpOpMaUHOHHOCTb B IIOJIHOM (HanH- 

TajiH3M) h Bceo6iqeM bh/jc (b mhpobwx 
MacuiTa6ax). Ho 3/J.ecb eiqe Ha^ MHoraw 
HeofixoflHMO noflyiwaTb. b ^acTHOCTH Ha^ 
«yKpynHeHHeM» KaTeropHfi. pacKOHBaK)- 
ii;hx cosepHtaHHe hohhthh «(popMau,HH». 

HTorn flnajiora — ajih noHHMaHHH 
«TpeT&ero MHpa» — BH^aTca MHe b cjie- 
^VJOI^eM: upH THnojionraecKOM cxo^cTBe 
BocTOKa h «TpeTbero wrapa* (HajiH^HH 
KopnycKyjiw «rocBJiacTb-co6cTBeHHOcTb» ) 

nOCJie/J,HHH HeJIb3H HCTOpHqeCKH H, BHflH- 

mo. jiorHiecKH BbiBOflHTb H3 BocTOKa; no- 
HHTHe uHBHJiH3at(HH (noKa!) iwajio qTo npn- 



6aBJiH€T k noHHMaHHio «TpeTbero Mnpa» 

KaK CneLtHCpHieCKOH 061U.HOCTH B KOHTeK- 
CTe COBpeMeHHOCTH. OopiviaiJ,HOHHbIH nofl- 
XOA K pa3BHBaiOIi;HMCfl CTpaHaM MOJKeT 
dblTb UPHHHT JIHUIb K8K VaCTHHHOe oSTdJIC- 

HeHHe hx reHe3Hca h He pa6oTaeT b 061.- 

HCHeHHH HX pa3BHTHH. IlpOOJieMa COOTHO- 

meHHJi BocTOKa h «TpeTbero MHpa» 
ocTaeicH no npenMymecTBy MeTOfloJiorH- 
"iecKofi, npeflnoJiaraa dohck e^HHcTBa hcto- 
pHHecForo h jioraqecKoro b Hsy^eHHH sthx 
ofrbenTOB, HecoMHeHHo, pa3Horo KJiacca h 
nopHflKa. 

B. LUeftHHc: Hame oScyjKAeHHe, bh^h- 
mo, noAxo^HT k KOHi;y, h HacTynaeT nopa 
cofinpaTb, a He pa36pacbiBaTb KaMHH. TeM 
He MeHee n nonbiTaiocb noA6pocHTb eme 
H-ecHOJibKO BonpocoB, npeiKAe neu mm 
npHfleM k KaKOMy-TO HTory. 

Bee yiaCTHHKH flHCHVCCHH hcxoahjih H3 

Toro, 110 ceroflHH b ikh3hh o6eHX bcjihkhx 
CTpaH BecbMa BaJKHoe mccto 3aHHMaioT — 
h flawce b BwcoKOH CTeneHH fleTepMHHHpy- 

K)T XOfl CoSblTHH — HX TpaflHIXHH, 0TJIH5- 

Hbie ot eBponeftcKHX, Bo-nepBbix, h flpyr 
ot flpyra, bo-btopmx. MapaT AneKcaHRpo- 
bhi HeiiiKOB yme OTMeTHJi HeKOTopyw 
HenocjieflOBaiejibHOCTb b HCTOjiKOBaiiHH 

pOJIH TpaflHUHH B COBpeMeHHblX yCJIOBHflX. 

H CKJioHeH noflTH jjajibiue h flaHce yTB-ep- 
JK^aTb o HecoBMecTHMOCTH aflpa Toro co- 
^ajibHO-reHeTHsecKoro crycTKa, kotophh 
npoHeceH 5epe3 Bena, flame flecHTHH Be- 
kob, h Hape^eH HMeHeM TpaflHUHH, c HMne- 

PaTHBaMH COBpeMeHHOCTH. 

Ha HauiHx rJia3ax cHTyau,HH Ha BocTone 
nepecTajia 6wTb cTaTH^Hofl, cTpoi-iyjiacb 
c BenoBoro 3acT0H, 3anetiaTJi€BiiierocH 
b TpaflHuHH. CTpoHyjiacb Kyfla? JleoHHfl 
CepreeBHi, rOBopn o BeKTope coBpeMeH- 

HOrO pa3BHTHJ3, OTMeTHJi, ^TO 3JieMeHTbI 

eBpoKanHTajiHCTH^ecKofi dpyKTypw, BHefl- 
peHHe kotopwx Haqajiocb c anoxH Kono- 
HHajiH3Ma, npofloJHKaiOT pacTH h HaKan- 
JIHBaTbCH. 3to Bepno. Ho Heo6xoAHMo, 
BO-nepBbix, oT^aBaTb ce6e OTieT b tom, 
hto b HaKomieHHH coBpeMenHbix 3JieivieH- 
tob nacTynHJi cnaMOK, fljiHinHHCii yHte flBa- 

TpH fleCHTHJieTHfl. B03MOWHO, Haiajiocb 

B03BpameHHe k cHTyai(HH, KOTopan, no 
cjioBaM JleoHH^a CepreeBHsa, cymecTBo- 
Bajia ro VIII — VII b. no h. a., Kor^a mhp 

pa3BHBaJICH no OflHOfi MOflejIH. BO-BTOpbIX, 
B nOHHTHH BeKTOpa HaflO pacKpwTb cko6- 
KH: o603Ha"JHTb HHBapHaHTHbie HepTbl 3T0H 
HOBOH MOfleJIH. B nepBOM npHSjTHWeHHH 
OHa BHflHTCH TaK! 

— HayiHo-HHflycTpHajibHan cncTeMa 
npoH3BOflHTejibHbix chji, thGko coieTaio- 
maH BbicoKOKOHueHTpHpoBaHHoe, Macco- 
Boe h npefleJibHo HHflHBHflyajiH3HpoBaHHoe, 
^ei;eHTpajiH30BaHHoe npoH3BOflCTBo h bith- 
caHHan b BKOJiorHMecKHe orpaHHieHHJi; 

— SKOHOMHHeCKHH MeXaHH3M, B KOTO- 
POM fiOMHHHpyiOmee MeCTO 3aHHMaK)T TO- 

BapHo-fleHeiKHbie OTHOiueHHH Meffi^y xo- 
3flHCTBeHHO aBTOHOMRblMH cy6ijeKTaMH, 
KoppeKTHpyeMbie b onpe^ejieHHbix npefle- 
jiax «npaBHJiaMH Hrpbi», KOTopbie ycTajiaB- 
JIHBaiOTCH i^eHTpoM; 

— counajibHafl opraHH3an.HH rpaiKflaH- 
CKoro oSmecTBa h cooTBeTCTByiomuft eft 
THn nojiHTHvecKofi fleMonpaTHH; 



87 



— coipoKyjiBiypiHHft cipoft, OCHOBO- 
nojiaraiomHMH npHHtyinaMH KOToporo 

HBJIfHOTCH cyBepeHHOCTb HHflHBHfla B 06- 
meCTBe, nOCIOCTOpOHHHH HCK3Hb HaH ueH- 

Hocxb Bwcuiero nopHflna h cou.HajibHO-ncH- 
xoJiorH^eCKafl ycTanOBKa, pacueHHBaiomaH 
CBo6ony Kan bo3mojkhoctb Bwfiopa. 

Bee sjieiweHTbi stoh MOflejiH B3aHM0- 

CBH3aHbI H B3aHM03aBHCHMbI, H pa3BHTHe 
HH Ha OflHOM H3 3THX HanpaBJieHHn He MO- 
JKCT 6bITb OTJIOJKeHO 5e3 PHCK3 cepbe3Hbix 
fleipopMauHfi Bceft iwo^ejiH. no MoeMy 
y6emp,eHmo, 3To BeKTop coBpeMeHHoro 

HCTOpHHeCKOro pa3BHTHH, XOTH BCTpeHaiOT- 

CH, KOHe^HO, H nonbiTKH ocymecTBJieHHH 

peaWtHOHHO-pOMaHTHHeCKHX yTonHft HJIH 

KaxacTpoiJJHHecKHx (k cojKajieHHio, He hck- 
jiKnieHHbix) BapnaHTOB Bpojie Toro, koto- 
pbifi 6biJi «pa3tirpaH» b KaiwnyyHH. Caa- 
3aHHoe, KOHeHHo, He HCKJHOiaer hh ajih- 
TeJibHOCTH nepexofla, hh MHoroBapHaHTHO- 
cth ero nyTefi h MeHee scero oSeiuaeT 

C'laCTJiHByiO HflHJIJIHH) B flyxe HJHJIJiepOB- 
CKOH OflM «K pa«OCTH»: «06HHMHTeCb, 

MHJij]HOHbi!» Flo KpafineH iwepe b o6o3pH- 
moh nepcneKTHBe. 

OnbIT KHTaH H HHflHH flJIH OH.eHKH 3T0H 

nepcneKTHBbi HMeeT HenpexoflHm.ee 3Haye- 
hhc B roflti pacna^a KOJioHHaJibHoft ch- 
CTeivibi y nac MHoroKpaxHo HHTHpoBajmcb 
cjioBa B. H. JleHHHa, ito Pocchh, KHTaio 
h Hhahh npe^cTOHT onpefleJiHTb xo« mh- 

POBOR HCTOpHH. Co BpeMGHeM, no H3BeCT- 

hmm npHHHHaM, mm nepecTajm BCnoiwH- 

HaTb 9Ty MblCJIb. CeTORHR OH3 BblCBe-iH- 
BaeTCH HOBOH, HeHOH(J)pOHTai;HOHHOfi 

rpaHbio. He b tom cMHCJie, hto sth CTpa- 
HH, COeflHHHBIHHCb, CMoryT onpoKHHyTb 
3ana^Hbifl KanHTajiH3M, a b tom, 'jto Kh- 
Tafi h Hhahh b CHJiy CBoero Beca h ko- 
JioccajibHoro, flaneno eme He pa3BepHyToro 
noTeHi;Hajia 6ypyi HaKJiaflbiBaxb orae'ia- 
tok Ha 6yflym.ee scero mhpoboto coo6- 
mecTBa (hjih, bo bchkom cjiyMae, «TpeTbe- 
ro MHpa»), nofloGHO Toiviy, KaK cefl^ac Ha- 
HJia^biBaiOT ero CCCP, C1IIA, 3ana/jHaH 
EBpona h flnoHHH. Mnp b hc/ioiu He cmo- 
jKeT o6peCTH HeoSxo/jHMOH ycTOHHHBocra, 
noKa He 6y^yT b pemaiomeH cTeneHH mo- 
flepHH3HpoBaHbi Hhahh h KHTafi, CouHa- 

JIH3M B KHTaflCHOM OfpOpMJieHHH H KailH- 
TajIH3M B HHflHHCKOM BblCTynaiOT KaK flBa 

paBHosHa^Hbix BapnaHTa MOflepHH3aHHH, 
fisa nyTH nepexo^a. 

npo6j3eMa nepexoAa — i^eHTpajibHan 
fljin oBenx CTpaH. JleoHHfl CepreeBHi Ha- 
mynaji rjiaBHoe npoTHBopeiHe: cnjitHoe 
rocyflapcTBO npH cJiaooCTH pwHKa Harae- 
TaeT aKOHOMHHecKyio Heaip^eHTHBHOCTb h 
nopo»flaeT HSBeCTHbie coyHajibHbie ae- 
(JiopMauHH (KHTafi, flo6aBjiHeT fl. E. C>yr- 
iwaH, CTpa^aeT ot qpe3MepHoii 3aHHTepeco- 
BaHHocTH rpa?KflaH b oneKe rocy^apcTBa); 
c flpyrofi CTopoHbi, cthxhh pbiHKa npH 
ocnafijieHHOM rocyflapcTBe se/ieT k xaocy, 
ecjiH He h naTacTpoipe. 3to, b cymHocTH, 

H3BeCTHblfl H3 aHTHHHOH MH<})OJIOrHH Bbl- 

6op Mewfly CnHJiJiofi h XapHfi^ofi. ToMe- 
poBCKHfi o6pa3 HepeflKo HHTepnpeTHpyeTCH 
npoH3BOJibHo: nocjieflOBaTejiefi OflacceH 

OpHeHTHPyiOT Ha IIOHCK B03MOJKHOCTH KaK- 

to npouiMbirHVTb iwejKfly flByMH qynoBH- 

HiaMH. B peaJIbHOfi fleftCTBHTejIbHOCTH, KaK 



h b JiereH^e, KaK npaBHJio, TaKofl bo3mojk- 
hocth hct: npHxoflHTCfl BbifinpaTb H3 flsyx 

30JI. H XOTH B paSJIHIHHX CHTyaHHHX 
KaJK^Oe 3JI0 MOffieT Ka3aTbCH TO SOjIbUIHM, 

to MeHbiiiHM, b jik)6om cnyiae HaHSojibiiiee 
ano — HMeHHO c orjiflflHoft Ha Tpa^nqHio, 
3aTpyflHHiomyK> nepexofl, — aTpo$HH ca- 

MOHaCTpaHBaMmHXCfl MexaHH3M0B pa3BH- 
THH, CKOBaHHHX HSHa^aJIbHO, do^oCho fle- 

BO'iKaM b KHTae. kotopmm CnHTOBajiH Horw 

Cbl3MajliCTBa. 

B HacroHinee bpcmh 6wCTpoe paasHTHe 
KanHTaj]H3Ma b Hhjjhh, xoth h Ha orpaHH- 
yeHHOM coitHajibHOM npocTpaHCTBe, h Ha- 
MeTHBiuHfiCH nepexofl k CTpyKTypaM to- 
Bapnoro npoH3Bo^CTBa b KHTae, «a3aJiocb 

6bl, CBHfleTeJIbCTByiOT, HTO 3K0H0MHKa 

b o6e«x CTpaHax cflejiana BajKHHe marH no 
nyTH c<popMHpoBaHHH ee b coBpeMeHHyio 

CHCTeMy npOH3BO^CTBa. Ho 3fleCb-TO Kan 

pa3 h B03HHKaeT — flaiKe ccjih flonycTHTb, 
HTO 9TH marH npoHHw h Heo6paTHMbi, — 

H OCHOBHaH K0JIJIH3HH: RB& P33HMX CHCTe- 

Moo6pa3yiomHx npHHqHna, coBpeiweHHaH 
3HOHOMHKa H TpaflHi;HOHHoe oGmecTBO, 

TpaflHUHOHHbie $OpMbI oGmeCTBeHHWX CBH- 

3eH n B033peHHft, npoHHKaiomHe B COBpe- 

MeHHblH CeKTOp H B TOH HJIH HHOfl CTene- 
HH no^HHHHiomHe ero cbohm HopMaM. 

ECJIH UOR 3THM yTJIOM 3peHHfl nOCMOT- 
peTb Ha KHTaftCKyK) H HHflHHCKyK) Tpa^H- 
U.HH, TO MOJKHO npHHTH K 3aKJlIO^eHHK), 
'iTO B KaJKflOft H3 HHX eCTb KaKHe-TO KOM- 
nOHeHTH, KHpnH'fflKH, KOTopwe Moryr 
6bITb HCnOJIbSOBaHbl npH B03BefleHHH co- 

BpeMeHHofl nocTpoHKH, «cpa6oTaTb» Ha 
nepexofl. B KHTae sto, no-BHflHMOMy, 

SKCTpaBepTHBHbie opHeHTHpbi KOH<}3yi;H- 

aHCTBa, yTBepflHBUiHHCH npHimnn coiiHajib- 

HOfi MoSHJIbHOCTH H Tpy^OBaH MOpaJIb. 

B Hh/ihh — H^eitHaH h aTHiecKafl Teprai- 
MoCTb, HerocyaapcTBeHHbie (Jjopiabi 06- 

IHeCTBeHHOH caM00praHH3aqHH H HflCHHO- 

opraHH3arjHOHHbiH njuopajiH3M. Ho ecTb, 

CeCCnopHO. H T0pM03HmHe 4>SKTOpbI, 

onHTb-TaKH yxo/wmHe kophhmh b TpaflH- 

HHIO. 

6. Xopoc: Ho HOBbie xeHfleHunn, ksk cm4- 
Tarc>T MHorvte, Bee we nepeBeuinBaioT... 

B. IHefiHHc: H totob npaMKHyTb k stum 
«MHorHM». MHe KaHteTcH, ito b HameM 06- 
cyiKfleHHH Haivie t £ajicH nofl t iac H3BecTHbifi 
«nepe}KHM» na TpaflHUHio — h b cMbicJie 

HeKOTOpOH HeAOOHeHKH COBpeMeHHHX HM- 

nepaTHBoB, h b BH^e H3BecTHOfi yHHBep- 
caJTH3au,HH ee o6"bHCHHiomeH chjiw. 

Ha npoTHJKeHHH Bcero XX b. — ot rbk- 

HteHHH HX3TyaHefi RO «KyjIbTypHOH peBO- 
JIK)UHH» — KHTafi 6HJICH b napoKCH3Max 
rpaHiflancKHX h BHeuiHHX bohh, fleKopa- 
v,na Ha ijeHTpajibHoft h iweCTHbix ciieHax 

MHOrOKpaTHO MeHHJIHCb. 3a TeM, KaK 3TO 

npoHcxoflHJio h Kan BoenpHHHMana pa3bi- 
rpbiBaBiuyiocH HCTopHnecKyio flpaiwy mho- 
rocoTMHJiJiHOHHaH nyCjiHKa, bojibio cy^efi 
coGpaHHaH Boe^HHO h nocTOHHHo penpyTH- 
poBaBiuafl hobhx aKTepoB Ha citeHy. ko- 

He^HO, CTOHJia TpaflHI^HH. HO OflHOii JlHtUb 

TpaflHiyiefl Henb3H o6T)HCHHTb nepexoa or 
oflHoro aKTa k flpyrowiy — ot TbicnqejieT- 

Hefi HMnepHH K MHJIHTapHCTaM, OT MH.HHTa- 
PHCTOB K TOMHHbflaHy. OT rOMHHb,HaHa 

k KOMMyHHCTaiw. ot Mao K ,d3Hy. 



88 



TpaflHijHH HapHfly c flpyrHMH (paKTopa- 
mh onpeflejiHJia rpaHHiiy MejK/iy bo3Mojk- 

HblM H H€B03M0JKHbIM, flHana30H, B KOTO- 
POM o6meCTBO BOJIbHO 6bIJI0 BbiSupaib Ba- 
pHaHTbi pa3BHTHH, a TanjKe HapjKKajia b co- 
OTBeTCTByiomHe ofleHyjbi (oflewfla Tonte 
BJiHaeT Ha noBefleHHe) fleficTByiomHx jehd, 

3TOH HCTOpHHeCKOH flpEtMbl. Ho caMO pa3- 
BHTHe BeJIH HHbie, rJiaBHMM o6pa30M co- 

BpeMeHHMe MHpoBbie npou.eccbi. 

6. Xopoc: Bo3HMKaeT eonpoc: mto we 
fla/ibixie? 

B. IIIeiiHHc: Boiocb, ito HeHOTopbie 
cmeHKH, npo3ByHaBiiiHe 3#ecb, npe3MepHo 

OIITHMHCTHHHbl. ,Q,3H CflOIIHH, TOBOpHJIH 

HaM, «cyiweji cpsBHHTejibHO jierKo nepe- 

CTpoHTb 3KOHOMHKy, 3 BCJiefl 3a TeM 

B3i?Tbcfl h 3a nepecTpofiny coiyiajibHbix ot- 

HOUieHHH H (popM BJiaCTH*. HKCKOJTbKO 

He nbiTaiJCb npeyMeHbiiiHTb Bee to, kto 
cflejiaji fl 3H Choiihh, BOKpyr KOToporo 

6bICTpO KOHCOJIHflHpoB3JIHCb peajIHCTHie- 
CKH MblCJlflmHe CHJIbI b napTHH, yu,ejieB- 
HiHe nocjie Bcex hhctok, noJiaraio, ^to eme 
paHo yTBepw^aTb, 6yflTo «c*rapaa CTpyK- 
Typa 3Phmo JiOMaeTCH». 

Jla, nopa3HTenbHbre aKOHOMHiecKHe pe- 
3yjibTaTbi h OHtHBJieHHe oGmecTBeHHofl 
WH3HH Kwrafl nocne 1978 r. — pesyjibTaT 
cm€jio npoBefleHHofi petpopMM. Ho Hejib3H 
He BHfleTb, ^10 3(p4)eHT nepBHHHoro pac- 
KpenomeHHH 3hohomhkh h oGmecTBa ecjiH 
eme h He HcnepnaH, to 3P<hmo yCbraaeT. 
Bo3HHKaiOT HOBbie, o^eHb cjioffiHbie npo6- 
Jieiwbi, a o6pameHHe c hhmh He Bcerfla fle- 
MOHCTpnpyeT npejKHJoro peiiorrejibHocTb. 
YTBepffiflafl, ito BpoHsouiJio paccjioeHHe 
<peHOMena rocBJiacTb-coGcTBeHHocTb ywe 
yepe3 20 jieT nocjie toto, Kan oh b03HHK, 
MapaT AjieKcaHflpoBHH HeurKOB abho npti- 
HHMaer mejiaeMoe 3a fleftcTBHTejibHoe: pe- 
MOHTHpoBaHa noKa jihiub aScypflHaa 
B XX b. CHCTeiwa TOTajibHoro coipiajibHo- 

3KOHOMHHeCKOrO KOHTpOJIH Hafl KpeCTbHH- 
CKHM OOJIbUIHHCTBOM HaCeJIBHHH H Cflejia- 

Hbi HeKOTopbie npHHDiHnHajibHbie iuarn 

K BOCCTaHOBJieHHK) BHyTpeHHerO PblHKa H 
erO BKJIIOHeHHK) B pblHOK MHPOBOH. ECJIH 

ABHHteHHe b 3TOM HanpaBJieHHH h neoopa- 

THMO (BO HTO XOTejIOCb 6bl BepHTb), TO 

nonbiTHH nonHTHoro ffBHweHHH BecbMa Be- 

poHTHbl. 

OnbiT KniaH, h nojioHCHTeJibHbifi h otph- 
HaTejibHbrfi, o6jia^aeT fljifl Hac necoMHeH- 

HOH IjeHHOCTbK). K-HTaft, KOTopblfl KaKOe-TO 

BpeMH ineJi BCJiefl 3a HaMH b co3HaHHH 

aflMHHHCTpaTHBHO-KOMaHflHOft CHCTeMbI, 

paHbine h 6bicrpee ciaji ot nee ocbo6oh{- 
flarbCH. B 3Tom Ka^ecTBe oh BbinojiHHeT 
Ha HbiHeuraeiw HcTopn^ecKOM orpe3Ke pojib 
oflHoro H3 nepBonpoxofliieB cpe^H cou.Ha- 

JlHCTH*ieCKHX CTpaH. XOTH IKJ BaffiH€HIimM 

3KOHOMHHecKHM h coi;HajibHbTM noKa3aTe- 

JIHM OH OTCTOHT flOCTaTOHHO flajieKO OT 

CCCP, HaM, B03MOWHO, npHfleTcfl no- 
y^HTbcfl y Hero — h He b HacTHocTHx, 
a b rjiaBHOM: b npeoflojreHHH (paicropoB 
TopMO)KeHHH h co3flaHHH coBpeivieHHoro 
xo3HficTBeHHoro MexaHH3Ma, b neKaTacTpo- 

*HH€CHOM paCUIHBaHHH y3KHX MeCT H H3- 

6ewaHHn cepbe3Hbix kph3hchbix oCocTpe- 

HHfi. 

Onwr Hhahh BecbMa BaweH b /ipyroM 



othoui^hhh. B eBponeficKHX oCmecTBax 

X03HHCTBeHHblH POCT. 3K0H0MHHeCKafl yHH- 

4>HKai;Hfl, jiH6epajibHbie h fleiwoKpaTHHe- 
cKHe pe<popMw h pacumpeHHe u.eH30Boro 
cjioh, npHHHMaiomero y^iacTue b iiojihth- 
Ke, np« Bcefi neH36ejKHOH HepaBHoiwepHO- 
cth h pa3puBax, b oSmeiw KoppeJinpoBaJiH 
flpyr c flpyroM. OnbiT, OTpa3HBUiHH stot 

THn HCTOpHHeCKOrO pa3BHTHH, IipHBOflHJl 

h, Ka3ajiocb 6bi, Henpe-noiKHOMy BbiBOfty: 
pa3BepTbiBaHHe KJiaccoBofi 6opb6bi, nofl- 
Kjiio^eHHe k Hefi bosmowho 6oJiee iiihpokhx 
Mace, HflymHX 3a comiajibHO aBaHrapflHMMH 
rpynnaMH h cjiohmh, napamHBaHHe kx npn- 
TH3aHHfl, o6paii;eHHbix npoTHB npHBHJierH- 
P0BaHHbIX KJiaccos h cjioes,— BaJKHeillllHH 
4>aKTop oCmectBeHHoro nporpecca. 

B «TpeTheM M«pe» skohomhhcckhh poct, 
3HaHHTejibHo npeBocxoflamHH no TeMnaiw h 
MaciuTafiaM Bee, hto Ha aHanorH^moH cTa- 
flHH 3Hajia Espona, JioKajiH30BaH Ha coina- 
ajibHO 5ojiee hjih MeHee orpaHHHeHHOM 
npocTpaHcTBe; nJioflbi ero b TeieHHe npo- 
flojiffiHTejibHoro nepnofla He MoryT h 
He Sy^yT pacnpepienaTbCB paBHOMepHO, 
h6o 3to noflpy6Hjro 6bi caiay B03MOjKHocTb 
flajibHefiuiero flBHweHHii. KpHTHKya «3jih- 

TapHyiO*. MOfleJIb pa3BHTHfl H pa3MbIUIJIHB 

Hafl TeM, KaKHM o6pa30M MoryT 6biTb cmot- 
neHbi ee KpaftHOCTH, H6o6xoahmo yHHTbi- 

B3Tb, HTO TpaflHB,HOHHbIH ceKTOp C BTO 
yCTOHBHlHMHCH TpaflHItHflMH H noHHHteHHbl- 
MH npHTfl3aHHflMH BbinOJIHHeT — b Hh/ihh 

Jiy^rue, ieM bo MHornx pa3BHBaiomHXCH 
cTpaHax, — BajKHyio CTa6«jiH3Hpyiomyio 
^jyHKqHio, KOMneHcHpyiomyio HeH36eHfflbie 
nepeKocw SKOHOMH^ecKoro pa3BHTHfl. Ero 
cTpeMHTejibHoe pasMHBaHHe fleHCTBHTejib- 
ho npeBPaTHJio 6bi Hhahio b flecsTOK Hpa- 
hob, h Mew/iyHapoaHbie nocjieACTBHH TaKO- 
ro npeBpau;eHHH HeTpy^Ho npeflCTaBHTb 
ce6e. IlpoHcxoflHT j^ame, nan mh hh^mm. 
Hapau;HBaHHe KOHtpjJHKTHoro noTenipiajia 
(npeiKine Bcero Ha aTHHHecKoft h pej3»rHo3- 
hoh noHBe), HeraTHBHO BjiHHiomee Ha 3KO- 
HoivnnecKHH h coitHajibHbifi nporpecc. 
H nojraraio, ^to onbrr He3aB5iCHMoro 

pa3BHTHfl OCBODOflHBIUHXCH TOCyflapCTB nO- 

3BOJifleT npHiiTH k o^eHb BaffiHOMy h onpe- 
flejieHHOMy BbiBOfly. A HiweHHo: nojiHTHHe- 

CKaH MOfiHJTHSaitHH, BKJIIOHeHHe B nOJlHTH- 
HeCKyK) 6opb5y Tp3fiHHH0Ha^HCTCKHX HJIH 

nojiyTpaflnrtfioHajiHCTCKHX Mace — 06010- 
floocrpafl Bemb, KOTopaH MoweT HMeTb 
BecbMa Heo#H03Ha , «iHbie nocJieflcTBHii. 
Mohiho cKa3aTb, vto b coBpeMeHHyio snoxy 
Ha rpoMagHbix npocipaHCTBax «TpeTbero 
MHpa> Tepivmn «fleMOKpaTH«» noeTepneji 
yflHBHTejibHhie npeBpameHHfl, o6o3Ha^aH 

nopOH Te HJIH HHbie HBJieHHfl H peJKHMbl 

«c TO^HocTbio flo Hao6opoT«». Pa3BepHyB- 
uiHecH 3Recb nonyjracTcKHe ABHffieHHii, 
pa3JM^Hbie no npoHCxom^eHHio h Hfleojio- 
rHiecKoiwy o4>opMJieHHio, HepeflKO bpjih 
k yTBepJK^eHHK) He fleMOKpaTH^ecKoro 
npaBoco3HaHHH h nopflflKa. 3 ero 3HTHno- 

fla — 3BT0PHT3PH3M3, npOTHBOCTOHIHerO 

Ha rjiaBHbix HanpaBjiennax toh mohpjih 06- 
mecTBeHHoro ycrpoftcTBa, o kotopoh h ro- 
bophji BHaiajie. Ha bojihc nonyjiHCTCKHX 
JiBHjKeHHH Ha cMeHy ojrarapxH^ecKHM oe- 
JKHMaw He pa3 npHxonnjiH MOjro^ibie, cse- 
iKHe, HepeflKo KpoB3Bbie flKKTaTypu. Bot 



89 



noieiviy ajibTepHaTHEHbift noJiHTHiecKHH 
onwT HHflHH, cyiweBmeH coneTaTb ryiwaHH- 

CTHHeCKHe yeHHOCTH AP eBHeH y,HBHJIH3a- 

uhh. npHcymyio eft ycTanoBKy na KOHcen- 
cyc, a He Ha KoHcppoHiauHio, sneixieHTbi 

«B€CTMHHCTepCKOfi» CHCTeMbI H raH^HCT" 

cKyK floKTpHHy HenacHJiHfl, HMeeT Bce- 
MHpHo-HCTopHyech'oe 3HaieHHe. 

HHflHHCKafl fleMOKpaTHfl, KoHerao, Becb- 
Ma xpynna. OopMHpyiomHecH 3Aecb 3M- 
dpHOHw rpajKaaHcKoro oGmecTBa B03BW- 
iuawTcfl najx Ao6ypjKya3Hoft cpe^ofi, flefi- 
cTBHTejibHo ctiocoShoh nopoHt/jaTb onac- 
Hbie BcnbiuiKH HacHjiHfl. H Bee me mojkho 

CKa3aTb, npHHHMafl BO BHHMaHHe KOJIOC- 

cajibHbie pa3Mepbi cTpanbi h ocTpoTy co- 
HHajibHbix npoTHBope^Hii, mo Hhahh no- 
Ka3ajia cpaBHHTejibHO c6ajiaHCHpoBaHHbiH 
BapiiaHT ofimecTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH. B ot- 
jiH^He ot IlaKHCTaHa OHa He TOJibKo He nofl- 
Beprjiacb flajibHefiuieMy APo6jieHHio, ho h 
oTHocHTenbHo ycneuiHo MOflepHH3HpoBajia 

BepXHHe STaHCH CBOefi COUHaJTbHO-SKOHOMH- 

HecHoft CTpyKTypbi, noflflepiKHBafl He bm- 
xoflflmee 3a paMHH npHBbmHbix hopm cy- 
mecTBOBaHHe coTen mhjijihohob juoAefi Ha 

HHJKHHX, COXpaHflH t[HBHJIH30BaHHbie (fcop- 

mh noJiHTHyecHoH opraHH3aitMH Ha rocy- 
flapcTBeHHOM ypoBHe h, bo3mojkho, Haiwe- 
nafl KaKoft-To BapnaHT CHHTe3a Hau.Ho- 

HajlbHOH flyXOBHOH TpaflHIJHH h fleiwoKpa- 
THieCKHX UeHHOCTefi COBpeMeHHOH snoxH. 

JI. BacHjjbeB: C HHTepecoM Bbicjiymaji 

KOJIJier H CO MHorHMH HX 3aMeHaHHHMH 
TOTOB COrjiaCHTbCH. EcJlH pe3K)MHpOBaTb 

cKasaHHoe hmh, to oho cboahtch k Toiny, 

HTO TpaflHUHH, XOTH OHa H COXp3HHeT CHJiy, 

Bee me nocieneHHo cflaeT no3HUHH. B npHH- 
unne 3to OeccnopHO. Bonpoc Jinuib b tom, 
Ha KaKo-fl CTaflHH npouecca HaxoAflTcfl pa3- 
BHBaiomHecfl CTpaHbi (Hhahs h Kttxafi 

B HaCTHOCTH) H Hero MOJKHO IKRaTb OT HHX 

b CjiKHtafinieM SyflymeM. 

Peib He HfleT o npeflCKa3aHHHx. Mm 
BnpaBe flejiaTb TOJibKo HeKOTopbie npeflno- 
jioHteHHfl, onepHpya npH 3tom yme 3acpHK- 

CHpOBaHHblMH TeilfleHUHHMH h HMefl B BHAY 
HX B03M03KH0e B03AeHCTBHe BnpeAb. C TeH- 

fleHqHHMH, b o6meM, Bee /jocTa-ron-Ho hcho: 
ecTb H to, hto xapaKTepHO flJiH Bcero HeeB- 
poneHCKoro MHpa, h to, hto onpeflejmeT 
cneuHtpHKy pa3BHTH« oTflejibHbix ero na- 
cTefi, Ha yeM aKUeHTHpoBan BHHMaroie 
R. E. OypiwaH. CnpaBefljiHB h BbicKa3aH- 

Hblft HM TC3HC O TOM, *JTO HayHHO-TeXHH- 

yecKHfi nporpecc Heo6paTHM h hto oh 
noflpHBaeT TpaflHtiHio. CoBepuieHHo Bep- 
Ha MwcJib M. A. HeuiKoea, '■jto tp eHOMeH 

«BJiacTb-Co6CTBeHHOCTb» ceroRHfl BbirjIH- 

flHT HHane, ieM b ^ajieKOM npomjioM. Xota 
BajKHee Bce-TaKH to, hto stot (peHOiweH h 

B HOBOft CBOeft MOflH{pHKar[HH, 6jlH3KOH 

k rocKanHTaJiH3My, He tojibko >khb, ho h 
HtH3HeHHo BameH fljifl pasBHBaiomerocfl 
MHpa, BKromaH CTpaHbi, opaeHTHpyKnnHe- 
cfl Ha couHaJiHCTHiecKyio iwoflejib. 

B. JI. niefiHHc nocTaBHJi npofijieiwy 
HecoBiwecTHMOCTH TpaflHUHH c HMnepara- 

BaMH COBpeMeHHOCTH, C^IOpMyJIHpOBaHHbl- 

mh hm B BHAe yeTbipex^JieHHoii MOAeiiH, 

BCe 3JI-eMeHTBI KOTOpofi B3aHMOCBH3aHbI H 

B3aHMOo6ycjioBiieHbi. Ma^o Toro, oh Ha- 
CTaHBaer «a tom. hto Heo6xoflHM HMemro 



Bbi6op MeJKAy oahhm h flpyraM. Ho bot 
hto xapaKTepHo: Kan tojibko Bhhtop Jleo- 
hh^obhi ot o6mHx 4 )0 P M y jIH P 0B0K riepe- 

Hiej] K KOHKpeTHKe, OH 3ar0B0pHJ3 B hhom 

TOHe, BecbMa 6jih3kom k MoeMy (KHTafi, 

BHAHMO, H3MeHHeTCH, TpaAHI^HOHHOe B HCM 

oTCTynaeT, ho He cJieflyeT 6biTb «Hpe3Mep- 

HO OnTHMHCTHHHbIM»," HHflHH pa3BHB3eTCH, 

AeMOKpaTH3HpyeTCH, ho fleMOKpaTHfl ee 
«BeCbina xpynna*, «3M6pHOHbi rpawAaH- 
cKoro o6u;ecTBa» hbjihiotch Jinuib BKpan- 
JieHHHMH b Mope TpaflHi;HH). HeyAHBH- 
TejibHo, hto H i;eJiHKOM noflAepmHBaio bto- 
pyio nacTb ero BbiCTynjieHHH h HecnojibKo 
H-eyAOBJieTBopen nepBofi. 

fleHCTBHTeilbHO Jffl Mbl HMeeM acjio 
C «HeCOBMeCTHMOCTbK)» H Heo6xoAHMOCTbH) 

BbiGopa? A He BepHee jih cHHTaTb, i ito 06a 
Hanajia BbiHyHtAeHHo coBiwemaioTCH (toi- 
nee, cocymecTByioT h flame B3aHM0AefiCT- 
ByKtT) h yxo HMeHHO 6jiaroflapH SToMy npo- 
hcxoaht to caMOe HaKannHBaHHe 3JieMeH- 

TOB HOBOH, HyHCflOH TpaAHHHH CTpyKTypbi, 
KOTOpoe BHKTOp JleOHHAOBHH npH3HaeT? 
Hto HCT HeoSxOAHMOCTH Bbi6HpaTb MejKAy 
npHBMHHblM H HyffiAWM, eCTb Heo6xoAH- 
MOCTb BriHcaTb MHoroe H3 TiyHtoro (Ta me 
KHBapHaHTHan MOAejib, o KOTopoft ynoMH- 
Hajiocb) b TpaAHUHOHHo npHBbiHHoe? 3aMe- 
yy TOJibKo, mo h 3Aecb peib HA eT 

He CTOJIbKO O rapMOHHHHOM CHHTe3e — Ha- 

noAo6He Toro, hto HMeeT Mecro b flno- 

HHH, — CKOJIbKO HMeHHO O BblHyHCASHHOM 

cocymecTBOBaHHH, cBoero poAa CHM6H03e. 

IIpHBeAeT JJH OH K CHHT€3y B 3TOM H 

coctoht npo6jieivia, KOTopaH HaxoAHTCH 
b neHTpe Hauiefi AHcKyccHH. IloJiaraio, ito 
Ao 3Toro eme oneHb AaJieKo H kto, 6ojiee 
Toro, eA Ba nii TaKoe Boo6me MOHteT SbiTb 

AOCTHrHyTO BCeM pa3BHBaK)m;HMCH MHpOM. 

B. IIIeHiiHc: JleoHHA CepreeBHn o6napy- 

IKHJI B MOHX BbICKa3bIBaHHHX npOTHBope- 

KHe, Koroporo h, npH3HaTbCH, He Haxowy. 
IIonpoGyK) oS-bHCHHTb. Ha Heiw fl ctoio? 

HepBOe: TpaAMUIOHHblH CTPOH BOCTOHHblX 

KyjibTyp b rjiaBHOM, a He b nacTHocTflx 
HecoBMecTOM c coBpeMeHHoft HHAycTpnajib- 

HOH H HayHHO-HHAyCTpHa^bHOH UHBHJIH3a- 

rtHefi (b nacTHocTflx Kan pa3 cobm€cthm). 
Bxopoe: y GoJibiuHHCTBa HaHHOHa.ibHo-ro- 
cyflapcTBeHHbix coofimecTB HeT aJibTepHa- 
THBw nepecTpoHKe, KoTopyio 3aAaiOT HMne- 

paTHBbl COBpeMeHHOCTH, eC^H, KOHeHHO, 

He cvHTaTb TaKOBOH AerpaAanHK) h koji- 
jianc b KOHeKHOM cveTe. Tpeibe: «HeTw- 

peXHJieHHafl UOJlSJlbP — BeKTOP, KOTOpblfi 

onpeAejineT AoJiroBpeMeHHyio nepcneKTH- 
By. IIo3TOMy, oGosHaHHB rjiaBHyio TeHAeH- 
qHio, h hh b KoeR Mepe He npeACKa3bmaio 
cpoKH ee 6onee hjih Mewee noJiHofi peajiH- 
3auHH h He yTBepHCAaio, mto pa3BHTHe 6y- 
Aex HeH3MeHHO nocTynaTeiibHbiM. Hanpo- 
THB, coBM^meHHe TpaAHUHOHHOrO M coBpe- 
MCHHOrO, BepOHTHO. Ha A^HTeJIbHblfi cpoK 
6yACT HCTOHHHKOM Hec6ajiaHCHpOBaHHOCTH, 

pa.3Horo poAa oCoCTpeHHft h KorafrjJHKTOB. 
06ohth 3xy nojiocy HeJib3H, ho 06a BeJiH- 
khx HapoAa ynaTCH ee npeoAo^eBaTb, xoth 

H C HeMajIblMH H3Aep}KKaMH H noTepflMH. 

JI. AjiaeB: H xoreji 6m npoflcHHTb eme 
oahh Bonpoc — o «xpynKocTH» hhahhckoA 
ACMOKpaTHH. 3tot Te3HC b ycrax onTHMH- 

CTa B. JI. IIJeHHHCa nOHBH^CH OTHacTH, 



90 



iwomeT GbiTb, noj bjihhhh6m Moero npeflbi- 
flymero BbiCTynjieHHfl, Korfla h ynoMHHyji 
o rpo3Hii;Hx efi onacnocTHx. Ho h He c^h- 
Taio HHflHHCKyio fleMOKpaTHio xpynKoft! OHa 

3HJKfl£TCH Ha flByX, XOTH H pa3HOpOflHbIX, 

ho npoHHbJx ocHOBaHHHx — Ha npofiypjKy- 

a3HbIX MOflepHH3HPOBaHHbIX CJIOHX H Tpa- 

flHiiHOHHbix i(eHHOCTHX. A. B. 3y6oB b pn- 
fle pafioT pa3BHBaeT Mwcjib o tom, ito ae- 

MOKpaTHH BOCnpHHHMaeTCfl B HHflHH (h Ha 

BocTOKe b ijejioM — nocnojibKy BocnpH- 
HHMaeTCH.') He no Mepe MOflepHH3auHH co- 

3HaHHH, a HenOCpeflCTBeHHO TpaflHUHOHHblM 

co3HaHHeM, h a c hhm corjiaceH. flpyroe 
flejio, iito TaKoe BocnpHflxHe BHflOK3MeHfl- 

eT CaM 06T>eKT BOCnpHHTHH, HO 06 3T0M 

y?Ke roBopnjiocb. H yjK coBceM HHoe — to, 
hto BTopoe ocHOBaHHe npeflCTaBJineT coCoft 
orpoMHbiH, MeflJieHHo TaioinHH aficdepr. Ho 
onacHOCTb nepeBepHyTbcn, CBH3aHHaH 
c TaHHHeM, eme o^eHb flaJiena. 

B HacTonmee BpeMH HeT chji, KOTopbie 
cepbe3HO yrpowajiH 6h hh^hhchoh fleMO- 
KpaTHH. Hh JieBai^KHe (yjibTpapeBOJiiouH- 

OHHbJe), HH KOMMyHaJIHCTCKHe (HHflyHCT- 

CKHe) CHJibi He nojib3yioTcH noflflepHytoH 
Mace. ApMHH He nrpaeT nojiHTHHecKoft 
pojin, h HeT npH3HaKOB Toro, >ito OHa no- 
JiHTH3HpyeTCH. Pa3aaiomHecH b Hhahh 
BpeMH ot BpeMeHH B03rjiacbi 06 yrpo3e fle- 

MOKpaTHH — 3TO npOCTO IIOJIHTHyeCKHH 

npH€M oflHofi napraH npoTHB flpyrofi, CBoe- 
ro pofla npo(J)HJiaHTHHa. PeaJibHOH yrpo3bi 
fleMOKparHHecKOH CHCTeiwe He CbiJio hh 
b 1975 r., Korfla onno3Hi(HH nbiTajiaCb 
ceeprHyTb H. TaHflH, hh b 1977 r., KorAa 
3Ta onno3HUHfl npHiima h Bjiacra, hh 
b 1980 r., Horfla Ha BbiCopax noCe^Hjm 

CHJIbI, O&bHBJieHHbie HX npOTHBH'HHaMH 
«aBTOpHTapHCTCKHMH» . 

«XpynnocTb» hhahhckoh fleMOKparaH — 
noHHTHe TeopexHHecKoe, HcnoJib30BaHHe 
ero MomeT GbiTb nojie3HO b anajiHTHyeCKHx 
qeJiHx. Ho b nojiHTH^iecKoM nporH03HpoBa- 
hhh CJie^yeT, HaBepnoe, HCxoflHTb Bce-Ta- 
kh He H3 npouecca TaHHHH aflcSepra, a H3 
ero a6coJiK)THbix pa3MepoB. Hto me na- 
caeTCH «BcnbiiueK HacHJiHH», to ohh no- 
powflaioTCH, nan npaBHJio, He «flo6ypwy- 
a3HOH cpeflOH», a, nanpoTHB, CoJiee npo- 

^BHHyBUIHMHCH B CpOpMaHHOHHOM OTHOIIie- 
HHH SJieMeHTaMH. 

B. Xopoc: IlnoflOTBopHOCTb npoeefleHHoro 

o6/A6Ha MHeHHKMM OHeBMflHa. EblJl BblCKa- 

3eH He/ibifi piiA opurMHanbHbix cywfleHufi, 
floraflOK, coo6pa>KeHMM, npopbiBatou^Mx npH- 

BblHHblB CXBMbl. rionpo6yK> BblflenMTb H6KO- 

Topbie M3 Kflefi, KOTopbie npeflCTaBnfiKiTcn 
mhb oco6eHHO MHTeoecHbiMM m nepcneKTMB- 

HblMH. 

ripewfle Bcero — MHTepnpeTauMfl JleoHM- 
flOM CepreeBHHBM BacMJibeBbiM c))opMai4MOH- 
hom TeopwM MapKCM3Ma, ero MOflerib MMpo- 
Eoro HCTopMMecKoro pa3BHTHn. B npMHHkne 
3to Moflk(f>MKaum< KOHueni4MM ua3HarCKoro 
cnoco6a npo^3BOflCTBa», ho Bbixoflamas 3a 

paMKM JIHHeHHOM CMCHbl OflHMX cfjOpMaUMM 

ApyrKMM, npeBpaniaioinasi «a3viaTCKMK nyTb» 
b hokum yHHBepcajibHUM Tun HCToptmecKoro 

pa3BMTHS. Jl. C. BaCHilbBB HB pB3 o6oCHOBb|- 

Ban cboh B3r/isiflbF b /inTepaType, h ohm no- 
CTeneHHO Ha^MHaraT 3aBoeBbiBaTb ctopohhm- 
kob, 3to roBopuT o tom, mto o6peTeHO on- 



pefle/ieHHoe HanpaBneHMe reopeTMMecKoro 
noMCKa. Bmbctb c tbm, Ha mom B3r/i5ifl, o6Ha- 

py>KH/lMCb M T6 MOMBHTbl, KOTOpblB Hy>Kfla- 
IOTC5) B flOnO/lHUTe/IbHOM OCMblUieHMH. 

Bo-nepsbix, hto 3to 3a coi^Ma/ibHan MyTa- 
l(mh, npoHcuieflLuas b aHTMHHoii TpeuMM? rto- 

46My MMBHHO TaM? B HBM 3aKJTK>KaJ1MCb MC- 
TOKM M KaKOB 6blJl MBXaHM3M pa3pblB3 TOM 
OMBHb WeCTKOM, CaMOBOCrtpOH3BOA»l4eMCS) M 

TpyflHonpeoflorMMOM cbjokw «rocyflapcrBo — 
o6mecTBo», KOTopas, no Jl. C. B&CMJibeBy, 
6bina xapaKTepHa fl/m bcbx floaHTM^Hbix 06- 

lUeCTB? B pa60TaX no MCTOpMM aHTMHHOCTM 

3TM npo6neMbi npaKTunecKn He CTaBXTCn, co- 

OTBBTCTByiOlUMe MCTOMHMKM OHBHb CKyflHbl. 

TeM tte MeHee KaKan-To 6oiiee onpeflenen- 
Han MHTepnpeTauMn SToro nCTopM^ecKoro 
npopblBa Heo6xoflMMa. tbm 60/iee hto ona 
4p63Bbi4aiiHo Ba>KHa h flnu ocMbiciieHMSi npo- 
Mbccob MOflepHM3ai4MM, npowcxoflsimMX b 
pa3BMBatoiHHXcn CTpaHax, to eCTb a/is noHM- 
MaHMn b npuHLtMne Toro. KaKHM o6pa30M co- 
BepiiiaeTCfl nepexo/i ot TpaflMUMOHHbix, flo- 
6yp>nya3Hbix, «BocToiMbix» CTpyKTyp k co- 

BpeMOHHblM (m/IM CMHT63 3TMX CTpyKTyp). 

Bo-BTOpblX, He COBCeM HCHO, HTO TflKOO 
KBOCTOHHan CTpyKTypan, O KOTOpOM TOBOpMT 

JleoHMfl CepreeBMM. llpoiocJjopMaMHH? Hafl- 
cf>opMaHMOHHoe o6pa30BaHMe, pa3flejiMBLyee- 

C51 3flTeM Ha flBe pa3J1M<HHble nHHMM MMpOBO- 

ro pa3BMTM»? V\nn oco6a» cf>opMauM», onpe- 
flensiomasi HanpasneHMe o6u;ecTBeHHOH 3bo- 
/ik>umm b HeesponeMCKOM MMpe? Ec/tm fla, 
to KSKOBbi ee pa3HOBMflHOCTM? 3tot sonpoc 

yMBCTBH XOT5I 6bl noTOMy, HTO flOCTaTOHHO 

oneBMflHbi pa3nnHM» Mewfly orflejibHbiMM 
CTpaHaMM, BxoflniUMMM b apean «BOCTOHHbix 
CTpyKTypn. HanpMMep, cncTeMOo6pa3ytoinaJi 
ponb rocyflapciBa p,ai\e\io He oflMHaKOBa b 
tom we KwTae m tom we Mhamm, KaK 3to 
HBCTByeT m3 aHanM3a Jl. B. AiiaeBa m Jl. C. 
BacMiibesa. 

flanee, KanoBa cBH3b MeiKfly cf)opMauMOH- 

HblMH M 14MBM.Tlk3aHMOHHblMM XapaiKTepMCTM- 
KBMM 060HX OCHOBHblX pa3BeTBi16HMM MHpO- 

Boro MCTopMnecKoro npouecca? Cna>KeM, ec- 
jim npMHATb «BocroHHyto CTpyKTypy» 3a oco- 
6yto cpopMaUHto, to b eBponefiCKOM MOflexiM 
no/iynaeTcn HecKO/ibKo 4>opMauMM Ha 6a3e 
oflHOM UMBMnM3aL\MM, a b HeeBponeflcKOM mo- 

flenM HCCKOilbKO l4MBM/TM3auHH Ha 6a 36 Ofl- 
HOM cpopMaMMH. 4sm o6ycnoBJieHO raKoe hc- 

COOTBBTCTBkfe? HeT J1H TyT CMeLUSHMfl cJ)Op- 
MaUMOHHblX M UMBMi1M3aUHOHHblX CTOpoH M B 

IBM 3a>uuoHaeTCfi Koppe/iflHMn Mewfly hh- 

MM? 

TaKMX BonpocoB mowho 3aflaaaTb eme 
MHoro (sToro we Kacancs* b ceoeM BUCTyn- 
neHHM M. A. Molukob). A roBopto 3to He k 
TOMy, hto6u nbiTaTbc?) 3anepKHyTb coo6pa- 
weHKs, BbicKa3aHHbie JleoHMfloM CepreeBM- 
^eM, — HanpoTMB, ohm npeflCTaBnatoTcn mhb 
BeCbMfl MHTepeCHbIMM h nepcneKTMBHUMH, — 
a K TOMy, HT06bl yKa38Tb na Heo6xOflMMOCTb 

fla/ibHeMLueM npopa6oTKM HaMe j 6hhom too- 

peTMHeCKOM CXOMbl. 

Jl. BacHJibeB: IIo3BOJibT€ MHe, BjiaflH- 
mhp TeoprHeBHy, BbiCKa3aTb em,e Hecnojib- 
ko cooGpaffieHHH, npemfle iem eh noflse- 
flete HTora Hameft flHCKyccKH. Reno b tom. 
yto h He npeflnojiaraji CTaBHTb Bonpoc 

O (pOpMai^HHX. HO KOJIb CKOPO OH B03HHK, 



91 



TO flOJTJKeH 3aMeTHTI,, ITO, Ha MOft B3rJIHR, 

bo Bceft nocTnepBoCuTHofi hctophh neJio- 
BCiecrBa ecTt TOJibKO RBe (popinaijHH, 

KaHtflaH BO MHOHCeCTBe KOHKpeTHblX MORH- 

tpHKaijnfi. Oflna H3 hhx — eBPoneftcKan, ot 

aHTHHHOfl MOflH(£)HKaiJHH flO COBpeMeHHOft. 

flpyraa — «BocTo I fflaH», TO^uee, Heespo- 
neficKas, c xapaKTepHbiM juih Hee «rocy- 

flapCTBeHHMM cnOCoCOM np0H3B0flCTBa», 

pa3na*wue MOflH(J)HKai;HH KOTopoii cyme- 
ctbjtot b pasHbix nacTflx cBeTa no cefl 
pj&ah. TaKHM o6pa30M. «BOCTO^HaH crpyK- 
Typa» He npoTOtJiopMai^HH (HeiTo b btom 
pofle nocTyjinpoBaji h M. A. HeiunoB), ho 

HMeHHO JpOPMai^HH, npHHD,HnHajlI>'HO OTJiSHK- 

Haa ot eBponeficKoii. Hto ate KacaeTcH 
npo6jl€MbI HHBHJlH3aijHft, TO ohh, Cyfly^H 
3aBH3aHH b o^bh y3eJi npejKfle Bcero c pe- 
jiHrHeii h cooTBeTCTByromefi KyjihTypHoft 
TpaflHi^Heii, HenocpeflCTBenHofi cbh3h 

C (popMaiJHHMH He HMeiOT. IIOSTOMy-TO 

b nocne/nroe roflbi napn^y c (JropiwaijHOH- 
hbim aHaJiH30M 3aBoeBHBaeT npaBa rpaHt- 

flaHCTBa H I*HBHjrH3airH0HHHfi. 

B. Xopoc: Tenepb 06 oahom BawHoii Hflee, 

K KOTOpOM npHUJilM, KSWflblM Ha CBOeM M9Te- 

pnarie, 06a hbujmx ocHOBHbix co6eceflHMKa. 
KaK HHflMH, Tan m Knxafi o&Hapy>KMBaioT no- 
pa3MTenbHy>o ycTovtanBocTb flo6ypwya3Hbix 

OTHOLUeHMH, COMMa/lfcHMX MHCTMTyTOB M UMBM- 
riM30UVlOHHblX UeHHOCTeM, HeCMOTpfl Ha CTpe- 

MMTenbHbie M3MeHeHH« nocneflHwx flecJWM- 
/leTMM, 6eccnopHbiii npcujecc MOflepHH3aunn, 
MAymMM b o6enx erpaHax. 3tm oTHOiueHHS, 

MHCTHTyTbl M UeHHOCTM COXpaHflKJTCS, o6pO- 

3y« HeKOTopoe crpyKTypHoe nflpo, KOTOpoe 
onpeflenaeT h xapawrep MoflepHM3ai4MOHHbix 
cflBuroB, B c«mom flene, m npncnoco6/ieHne 

KaCTOBOM CMCTeMbl KO BCeM npOMCXOflflLUMM 
3KOHOMMHCCKHM, nOJMTMHeCKMM H KyilbTypHblM 

HOB3LIMHM b HHflMM, m ofiHapyweHMe Toro, 

HTO nKMTaMCKMfi H3fl» f CeMeMHblM noflpsfl, M 

t. a. ecTb He hto MHoe, KaK BOsBpameHne 
k Hop«e oTHoaieHMM, HcnoKOH BenoB cyme- 
cTBOBaBaiMX b Kmoe Mew/iy rocyflapcTBOM m 
o6m©CTBOM, — Bee 3TO cBMfleTenbCTByeT o 
tom, hto ceroflHsuiHee HOBoe OKasbiBaeTcs 
bo MHoroM MoflMcjDMKamieM cTaporo. 

B noflo6HOM noflxofle Hantiuo, no-Moe/vty, 
MCCneAOBaTenbCKan uinpoTa, KOTopas cno- 
co6Ha BMfleTb HacTonuiee kbk b nepcneKTM- 
Be, Tan m b peTpocneKTMee. TaKoti B3rnafl 
npefloxpaHneT ot ipe3MepHoro onTMMM3Ma 
HeKOTopux nccneflOBaTenefi «TpeTbero mm- 
pa», KOTOpbie nopofi cneaiax b cbomx oueH- 
Kax m nporH03ax nponcxoflnmero b pa3Bn- 
BaioutHxcsi CTpaHax, ocHOBbmanCb Ha Ha6nro- 
fleHnsix m aHanM3e BHeamux, noBepxHOCTHbix 

CTOpOH DBneHMM. 

Mowho Bocnonb30BaTbcs oahmm cpaBHe- 
HMeM, xotji, KOHenHO, BCDKoe cpaBHeHMe xpo- 
MaeT. 8 MHflyn3Me m 6yflflM3Me ©ctb TaKoe 
noHsTMe — KapMa. Powflancb, HHflMBMflyyM 
ywe HeceT b ce6e rpys coBepmeHHOro mm 
b ero npomnbix nepepoHfleHMSx. Pamio- 
HanbHbiii cMbicn STofi Mflew CBS133H c 6ec- 
cnopHbiMM (JiaKTopaMM HacneflyeMocTn n co- 
HnaiiM3amiM lenoeeKa c tohkm 3peHMF ero 
reHeanoruM, B03fleMCTBnji ceMbM, 6nM3KMx, 
npeflaiecTByKJmux nOKOneHnw. B stom cMbic- 
Jie mojkho, MaBepHoe, roBopnTb 06 MCTopn- 
HecKofi Kapwe ue^bix HapofloB, HaiAMM, mx 

92 



KynbTypHO-MCTOpMMecKOM KOfle. (IpOXOflJIT 
BBKB, MHOrfia TblCSHeneTHS, a HCKOTOpblB 

cyu^HOCTHbie napaMeTpbi WM3HH o6meCTB 
npoflonwaioT fleScTBOBaTb — KacTOBan flM<))- 
Cf>epeHi4nai4H!i, pennrno3Hbie MHCTMTyTW, 06- 
pflflbi, KaKne-TO aneMeHTbi nonnTMHecKoii 
KynbTypbi. KoHeHHO, oflHOBpeMeHHO nponc- 
XOflHT M MsweHeHUfl, OHM MOryT 3aTparnBaTb 
He TonbKo o6ono4ity LVMBwnnsaLvnn, ho m ee 
nflpo. B KawflOM KOHKpeTHOM cnyjae ipea- 

BblHaMHO BS1HHO BblSCHWTb, KBKOBO 3fleCb CO- 

OTHOiueHne HOBoro m craporo, TpaflnunOH- 
Horo m coBpeMeHHoro, nflpa m o6ojiohkm. 
ToiibKO Ha TaKotf ocHOBe B03MO>KHa cepbea- 
Han oueHKa npowcxofljiiuero m B38eiueHHbifi 
nporHoa. 

C 3TOM TOHKM 3peHMH npeflCTaBIlJieTCfl BaJK- 

Hovi Oflvsa 3aKOHOMepnocTb, BbisiBneHHasi kbk 
Ha MHflMMCKOM, TaK m Ha KUTaficKOM MaTepwa- 
ne. A HMeHHo: ecnM b ziorniecKOM, cTpyK- 
TypHOM nnaHe cwcTeMa KynbTypHO-LveHHOci- 

HblX OpMeHTaUMM TOM MI1M MHOM HMBMHM3a- 

Umm fiBnneTCH BecbMa wecTKoS, 3aKpbiTOM, 
to b peanbHOM wm3hm oHa fleiicTByeT c flo- 
nymeHneM HeKOTOporo 3flOpOBoro sreweHTa 
«nMLveMepkfl», xoTopoe no3BOnneT evi pearn- 
posaTb Ha peanbHbie o6mecTBeHHbie npo6- 
neMbi. TaK, KacTOBan Mepapxnn Mowei Hapy- 

UJaTbC?) MOTHBaMM SKOHOMMieCKOM 6opt>6bi, 

nonMTMMecKOM neJiecoo6pa3HocTM, b cnyna* 

6blTOBblX KOHC})I1HKTOB m t. fl. Tohho TaK we 
CTporne (}>opMbi KOHtJjym+aHCKovi cy6opflMHa- 
Mmh, oTHOLueHMfi Me>«fly CTapaiMMM m Mnafl- 
lummh He MeuiaioT BectMa UJMpOKOM coun- 

anbHOM M nOIlMTMHeCKOM MoSMilbHOCTH b 06- 

mecTBe. 

TaKoe cooTHOiueHMe Mewfly KaHOHOM m 

pea/lbHOCTbtO, nO-BMflMMOMy, CBOMCTBeHHO 
BCeM 14MBMriM3014M»M, HO npOWBIlJieTCSl OHO 

no-pS3HOMy. CKaweM, b MCnaMCKnx o6mecT- 
Bax pacxo>KfleHHk Mewfly cyu;MM m flonw- 
HbiM flonycxaeTC5i ropa3flo MeHbuie, new b 

MHflMMCKOM MnM KHTBKCKOM HMBWlH3aHHH. He 
B 3TOM JIM 3a)KJIK3iaeTCn OflHa H3 npMHMH 

pa3nMHHoro xapaKTepa m TeMnoB MOflepHM- 
3aLiMM b flaHHbix perMOHax m CTpaHax? Si He 
roBopio pa3JTMHMnx coHMaiibHO-nonMTvme- 
ckom HanpaBneHHOCTM MoflepHM3amiM (to 
MMeeT MecTo 8 KuTae n Hnflnn), ho bo bcs- 
kom cnynae hcho, hto cnoco6HocTb flOKann- 

TBJIMCTMHeCKHX COLlMOKy/lbTypHblX CTpyKTyp K 

M3MeHeHMflM oCyc/TOBiieHa He Tonbxo TewiH 
MnH MHbIMM MfleSMM unM 3neMeHTaMn, co- 
flepwaiUHMHCfl b 3tmx cTpyKTypax (cKaweM, 
viflen flonra, noHMTaHMfl CTSpiuMX, oBlumhho- 

CTM, 3THMHeCKOH COHMflapHOCTH, KOTOpbie 

CTOJib ycneiuHO «pa6oTanw» Ha MOflepHM3a- 
Uhk) b AnoHMM m «pa6oTaioT» ceAnac B Kk- 
Tae), ho h ruSKOCTbto flo6yp>Kya3Hbix neH- 

HOCTHblX yCTaHOBOK, MX CDOCo6HOCTblO «pac- 

TnrHBaTbcnn nofl B03fleMCTBneM peanbHOM 

fletiCTBHTeribHOCTM. 

CKa3aHHoe xopoiuo noflTBep>Kfl»eT npuwep 
raHfl«3Ma b Mhamm, KOTopbtii 6bin 6onee hum 
MeHee 3aTpoHyT, nowanyPi, ronbKO f\. E. 
CpypMaHOM. ripn nepBOM B3rJi5iAe Ha raH- 
AM3M — MOiu,Hoe o6iuecTBeHHoe TeneHMe, nofl 
cjDnaroM KOToporo MHflun 3aBoeeana Hai4no- 
HaJibHyio He3aBMCMMOcTb, — nopancaeT o6m- 
nne b h&m sneMeHTOB TpaflMi4HOHanncTCKoro 
xapaKTepa. OflHaKO npn 6onee BHMMaxenb- 

HOM paCCMOTpeHMM OKa3blBaeTC«, HTO 3TM 3Jie- 



MeHTbl TeCHO CBS3aHbl C 38fl«HaMkl MOflepHM- 

3ai4HM, ee nocTeneHHbiM, «ocTopo>KHbiM», no- 

3TanHblM OCymeCTB/ieHMeM B KOHKpeTHbtX 

ycnoBMJix (3amHTa HenpuKacaeMbix, kfles 
«cou,na/ibHOM oneKM» oSecneweHHbix c/ioee 

H3fl 6eflHHKaMM, np»13blBbl k fleMOKpaTMwe 

cKowy ,qna/iory k coLinasibHOMy napTHepcTBy 
b coweTaHUM c TeHfleHU,MJ)MM 3ra/iMTapn3Ma 
m flp.), ripuweM 8 flesTe/ibHocTn caMoro 
M. K. raHflH xopouuo npocMaTpuBaroTcw ot- 

MeWeHHdfl BblUje «paCTH>K(lMOCTb» MfleMHbtX 

ycraHOBOK, roroBHOCTb npncnoco6nTb mx k 
MHTepecaM SKOHOMkqecKoro, conna/ibHoro m 
HaysHO-TexHuuecKoro pa3BWTHw b cBoeft 
CTpaHe. Hmchho sto m o6ecn©4MHo raHfln3My 
ycnex, mmchho sto m o6i.HCHHeT ero 3H«Me- 
Hkie b >km3Hm ceroflHsuiHefi 1/lnflMK. 

Eonee Toro, 3HaqeHwe raHflM3Ma — 3fleCb 
Mbi rOBOpMM y>xe o bjimhhmm Hhamm ho oc- 

TaHbHOM MHp, 6e3yC/10BHO, BblXOflMT 3fl HB- 

u,MOHanbHbie paMKM. fle.no He TonbKo b He- 

COMHeHHOM BJ1H3HMM 3TOI"0 yqeHMfl Hfl psfl 

no/iwTMwecKMx flenTe/iefi pa3BwBaK)mMxcfl 
cTpaH. fleiio b tom qTo u,eHTpa/ibHbifi npwH- 
LiMn raHflti3Ma — npMHU,nn HeHaCMina — Bee 
6onee BnMCbiBaeTcfl b npo6jieM0TMKy HOBoro 
no/iMTuwecKoro Mbiuj/ieHMfl, nepeneKTMBy (m 
Heo6xoflnMOCTb!) Mwpa 6e3 nacmiMfl m opy- 

>KMJI B COBpeweHHblX yCJlOBHflX. 3to 3ac}3kK- 

cupoBOHO b flennficKoP flemiapauMH, flOKy- 
MeHTax ABHweHMn HenpucoeflMHeHMH. jl no- 
Jiaraio, wto ecTb m flpyr*e HanpaBSieHMfl, no 

KOTopbIM BOCTOWHble U,MBM/1M30LI I KM C MX 6o- 

raTeMLUMM flyxoBHtiM HacneflweM MoryT BHe- 
ctm m BHecyT cbom BK/iafl b peujeHwe npo6- 
neM MnpoBoro coo6aiecTBa, — Hanpuwep, 
npo6/ieMbi rapMOHwqHoro cocymecTBOBOHns 
•JeiOBeKa h npupoflbi. 

4to KacaeTCR B03fleficTBM5i KnTan h ero 

MOfle/lM p038MTM* Ha COBpeMeHHbIM MHp, TO 

oho TaKHte BecbMa 3aMeTHo. 3to BnnwHMe 
pecnpocrpaHneTC* npemjqe Bcero Ha pa3BM- 

BatOLL^MMCSI MHp. OhO 6blflO HeMaJlblM eme 

b 50 — 60-e roflbi, a Tenepb, hccomhchho, 

B03pOC/10. Ho fle/lO He TO/lbKO b flewoHCTpa- 
UdOHHOM 3Cf)Ct)eKTe «WeTbipeX MOflepHM3aUMM» 

b KHP. PecfjopMbi b KuTee — aro BawHaa Be- 

XB B pa3BMTHM MMpS COU>iaJlM3Ma B Ue/IOM. 

KaK M3BecTHO, comianM3M nepBOHana/ibHo 
nponoKHSi ce6e flopory b CTpaHax, 6o/iee 

OTCTS/lblX B" COU,HaJlbHO-3KOHOMMHeCKOM K 

KynbTypHOM oTHOixieHnn no cpanHeHMK) c eB- 
poneHCKMM perwoHOM. B 3Tom 6bi/ia cboh 



ziornKa — b yKa3aHHbix CTpaHax, no zienMH- 
CKOMy BbipaweHMic, 6bi/io o/ierqe HasaTbM '. 

Ho 3aTO B HMX 6bl/10 M TpyflHee npO^O/ITKBTb 
peBOillOIAMKI, nOCKO/lbKy 3flecb COLlMailMSM, 

noMKMO peuueHMSi cbohx coEctbghhux 3a- 
fla«i, flonweH 6b.n TaK>Ke flOfle/ibiBaTb pa6o- 
Ty, He 3aBepuueHHyio Hau,noHanbHbiM KannTa- 

J1M3MOM, no npM06dJ,eHMK3 CBOHX CTpaH K MH- 
flyCTptia/lbHOM UMBnr»13alJ,MM. 

no-cBoewy TaKyio nornKy MCTopuwecKoR 
3BOJ1K3UMM npeflBMfle/in eute HeKOTopue flo- 
MapKCMCTCKMe counanMCTbi, HanpMMep, A. M. 
Tepi^eH Oh nnca/i b nnaMe k 3,qrapy KhHe, 
mto 3anBfl m Poccusi noftflyT k oflHofi i^ejin, 
ho «He no oflHOM flopore — Bbi (to ecTb 
EBpona. — B. X.) npo/ieTapnaTOM k couna- 
JiH3My, Mbi cou.ua/iM3MOM k CBo6ofle» 2 . He- 
ropMHecKan npoHMUaTe^bHocTt TepueHa 3a- 
K/nowanacb, Ha mom B3rns<A, b tom, mto oh 
paccMaTpHBaii B03MO«HocTb nepexofla k co- 
M,Mann3My cipan 6onee oTCTajibix, ho 6o/iee 
«nerKMX Ha noflieMu KaK ecTecTseHHyio w hc- 
TopuwecKn npaBOMepHyio. Ho oh npeflBtiflen, 
wto 3aTeM nepefl hmmm Hen36e>KHo BCTaHyT 
npo6/ieMbi, CBfoaHHbie c HeBbipa6oTaHHO- 
cTbio fleMOKpeTMwecKMx TpaflMi4nR, nepewMT- 
kbmh flo6yp>Kya3HOM 3KcnnyaTaqnM u bhc- 

BKOHOMMWeCKOro npMHy>«fleHMfl r HepB3BMTO- 
CTblO J1KMHOCTM, ©e nOrj]OOl©HHOCTbK3 B KOp- 

nopaTMBHo-o6mnHHbix cTpyKTypax. OTcWfla 
Heo6xofl(iMocTb flBMweHMa «k CBo6ofle» ywe 
noc/ie cou,Ma/iMCTMHecKOM peeoniOLiMH, b paM- 
Kax couMaJiM3Ma ti He ero ochosc. Hmchho 
3To m ocymecTBnsieTCB h xofle nepecTpofiKM 
b HaUJefi CTpaHe. CxOflHbrM npou,ecc MfleT b 
coBpeMCHHOM KkTae M -ieM 6onee ycneujHo 
6yfleT pa3BHBaTbcsi 3tot npou,ecc, t©m 6onb- 
uiee B03fleMCTBne oKaweT oh ha ocTanbHofi 
MHp, oco6eHHO HA COU,Ha/lKCTMHeCKMe m pa3- 
BMBatomnecsi CTpaHbi. 

B ne/ioM Hhaks m KtiTafl nponBiinioT cefisi 

B COBpeMCHHOM MHpe KSK «fleMCTByK>LUMe», 
>KM3HeCn0C06Hb<e Ll l MBHnH3au i MM M MOflCIlM 
pa3BHTHJIi XoT« 3TM CTpaHbi MflyT pa3HblMH 

nyTAMH, ho o6e MMeiOT HecoMHeHHyto nep- 
cneKTMBy. 3tot BbiBOfl, flywaeTca, Bno/iHe ywe- 
CTen KaK pe3y/ibTOT Hauiefi flucKyccuM. 



1 B. H. Jl e h h h. IloJiH. cofip. col., t. 36, 
crp. 10. 

2 A. H. T e p u e h. CofipaHHe co i iHHeHHfl. 
T. XVIII. M., 1959, cTp. 469.